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The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of result (consequence)

§ 175. An adverbial clause of result denotes some consequence or result of the action expressed in the main clause. It may be introduced by the conjunction so that, or simply that.

 

Light fell on her there, so that Soames could see her face, eyes, hair, strangely as he remembered them,

strangely beautiful.

 

Clauses with the correlatives so and such (so... that, such... that) may express manner with a shade of resultative meaning and are treated as such. However one should bear in mind that the line of demarcation between cases of jo... that and so that is rather difficult to draw when the two words follow one another.

The complex sentence with mutually subordinated clauses

§ 176. In complex sentences of this type it is impossible to differentiate which of the clauses is the main one and which is subordinate. We shall consider two patterns of such sentences.

 

§ 177. Clauses of proportionate agreement (or comparison).They express a proportional relationship - proportionality or equivalence; the more intensive is the action or quality described in one clause, the more intensive becomes the other, described in the following clause. Although sentences containing such clauses are undoubtedly complex, it is nevertheless impossible to state which of the clauses is the main one and which is subordinate, since they are of the same pattern -two twin clauses, looking like one another.

Clauses of proportionate agreement are joined by the conjunction as (correlated with the adverb of degree so in the other clause); or by means of the correlative adverbs so... so in both clauses. Proportionate agreement between the clauses may also be expressed by the correlative particles the... the, followed by the comparative degree of adverbs (or adjectives).

As time went on,so their hopes began to wane.

The more he reflected on the idea,the more he liked it.

The further I penetrated into London,the profounder grew the stillness.

 

Proportionate agreement occurs in such aphoristic sentences as the more the better, the sooner the better, which may refer to various situations.

§ 178. The second pattern of mutually subordinated clauses expresses temporal relations - a quick succession of actions or events, often overlapping with one another for a short period of time. These clauses form an indivisible whole owing to correlative elements and sometimes partial inversion in the first clause. The order in which the elements follow one another is fixed. As partial inversion is possible when the predicate consists of the operator and the notional part, only analytical forms or compound predicates are used.

There are several variants of the pattern:

1.No sooner... than.

No sooner had Tom seen usthan he jumped into a bus.

No sooner could the chairman finish his speechthan a great noise started.

2.Scarcely... when, scarcely... before.

Scarcely had he seen uswhen he jumped into a bus.

The door hadscarcely closed behind herbefore it opened again.

3.Hardly... when.

Hardly could he finish his last sentencewhen a great noise started.

I hadhardly finishedwhen Holmes returned with the news that the boy was putting in the horse.

4.Negation... when.

 

He hadnot closed the doorwhen he heard somebody knock at it.

5.Just... when.

 

He hadjust cut a mighty slice of breadwhen he heard somebody’s footsteps.

 

The role of the past perfect tense in the first clause is also of importance as it does not manifest in this case real precedence but peculiar temporal relation, that of a quick succession of events or actions, often overlapping.

Pseudo-complex sentences

§ 179. We shall consider sentences consisting of two clauses joined according to some pattern of subordination, but different from other complex sentences in the relation the clauses bear to one another. There are several types of pseudo-complex sentences. In the first type the splitting of the sentence into clauses is a device for the sake of emphasizing this or that part of the sentence; actually the meaning of the sentence does not require splitting (or cleaving) into clauses. These sentences are calledemphatic(orcleft) sentences.

Emphatic (or cleft) sentences

§ 180. These sentences in their turn fall into three patterns, in allofwhich the form of the complex sentence is used to emphasize some part of the sentence.

In the first pattern the emphasized part is placed in the position of the predicative, which is followed by a clause. The main clause is patterned on the model of the it-clause and the subordinate clause may be patterned as an attributive, temporal, local or nominal clause.

 

It is my friend who told me this.

 

The role of the main clause is purely emphatic, as the information which is divided between the main and the subordinate clause can be expressed in a simple sentence.

 

It ismy friend who told me this ——> My friend told me this.

It isthe examination that you and I are concerned with ——-> You and I are concerned with the

examination.

If isnot that she loved him ——> She did not love him.

It wasthe idea they were buying, not the project ——> They were buying the idea, not the project.

 

The emphatic position may be occupied by a whole clause.

It waswhat she said that spoiled the impression.

Was itbecause dusk was gathering that you failed to see anything?

 

In the last two sentences the content of the predicative clause is em­phasized.

The position of the predicative serves for placing greater emphasis on the part occupying this position. Semantically the emphasized part may fulfil different roles.

 

It wasnot till this very moment that I recollected him ——> did not recollect him till this very moment.

(The emphasized part is adverbial modifier of time.)

It isnot that I hate you ——> I don’t hate you. (Negation is empha­sized.)

 

The cleft sentences and the simple ones given above are similar in meaning as they describe the same situation. The difference lies in a special accentuation of the bold-faced words.

The subordinate clause may be joined asyndetically: It isnot you I hate.

 

Pseudo-complex sentences of this type may be interrogative.

 

What is it that happened to you?

What was it he disliked so much ?

 

A sentence can be transformed into different cleft sentences depending on what element is to be emphasized. For example:

John liked to read books at home - → It wasJohn who liked to read books at home. → It wasbooks that John liked to read at home. → It wasat home that John liked to read books.

 

The second pattern of cleft sentences is used to emphasize the predicate, which is split into the operator in the subordinate subject clause and the infinitive in the main clause.

 

What Johnliked wasto read books at home.

What hedisliked so much wasto be addressed by passers-by.

 

The particleto is often omitted.

 

What hehas done isspoil the whole thing.

 

The third pattern of pseudo-complex emphatic sentences begins with the conjunction if, which does not introduce a conditional clause.

 

If I feel sorryfor anyone it’sNorman ——> I really feel sorry for Normal.

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