Главная Случайная страница


Категории:

ДомЗдоровьеЗоологияИнформатикаИскусствоИскусствоКомпьютерыКулинарияМаркетингМатематикаМедицинаМенеджментОбразованиеПедагогикаПитомцыПрограммированиеПроизводствоПромышленностьПсихологияРазноеРелигияСоциологияСпортСтатистикаТранспортФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияХоббиЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника






ONE-TYPE AND MULTIPURPOSE CARGO VESSELS

 

Pic. 11. Commercial crude oil supertanker

 

Tankers were among the first ships designed to carry only one kind of cargo —petroleum. Earlier ships carried oil in barrels and then in large tanks. The first tanker was 300 ft long and could carry about 2000 t of oil traveling 9 knots.

Today, large tankers, often called supertankers, can carry more than 500,000 tons of oil and can do about 15 knots. Even larger supertankers are being planned and built. But these giants are useful only for long hauls. Most of them are used to transport oil from the Middle East to Europe and Japan.

Supertankers have various economic advantages over smaller tankers. For example, it costs much less to ship a large amount of oil in one supertanker than in many small tankers. But supertankers also have major disad­vantages. Their huge size makes them difficult to navi­gate and increases the risk of accidents. Because of their size, supertankers require ports as deep as 100 feet (30 meters) in order to unload. If a supertanker suffers an oil spill, the pollution that results could be disastrous be­cause of the ship's huge capacity.

Dry bulk carriers transport fertilizer, grain, ore, pow­dered detergents, salt, sugar, wood chips, or any other cargo that can be piled loose into a hold. Like tankers, these vessels were designed to carry only one kind of cargo. But unlike tankers, the ore carriers hauled solid cargo. As a result, they re­quired more complicated loading and unloading ar­rangements than tankers, which needed little more than hose connections and pumps.

The first mod­ern bulk carriers included the specially designed boats that began hauling iron ore on the Great Lakes during the late 1800's. The Great Lakes ore carrier resembled a long steel box. It had a forecastle to accommodate the crew and bridge at the bow, and a poop to house the engines at the stern. Between the forecastle and the poop, there was a long bin to hold iron ore. Modern Great Lakes freighters have the same basic design, but they are larger than the earlier carriers. The largest vessels today are more than 700 feet (210 meters) long and carry up to 25,000 tons.

Oceangoing bulk carriers have also grown larger and larger. The biggest ones can carry more than 100,000 tons of cargo. A modern sea­going bulk carrier has the bridge and engine room near the stern. The rest of the ship is a level area of deck with a line of hatches. Motor-driven equipment on board quickly removes the enormous hatch covers.

Barges are somewhat like small bulk carriers. These boxlike vessels haul such cargoes as cement, coal, grain, gravel, and sand across harbors, on canals and rivers, and along coasts. Before the invention of power-driven machinery, sails propelled most canal and river barges. In areas where the wind was unreliable, men or animals trudged along the bank of a canal or river and pulled the barges. In Egypt, India, and some other countries, barges are still towed in this way. Modern barges have diesel motors or are towed by tugs. The size of a canal or river barge is limited by the waterway on which it op­erates. The barge must be short enough to make the curves in the waterway and narrow enough to pass through canals. Barges that operate in coastal waters can be practically any size.

Multipurpose ships are designed to haul several kinds of cargo at the same time. An example is the Brit­ish ship Strathardle, launched in 1967. It has refrigerated space for foods that spoil easily, tank space for liquid cargo, and a deck for automobiles. Another multipurpose ship is the Bore VI, a small Finnish freighter also built in 1967. It hauls roll-on/roll-off vehi­cles, large rolls of paper, packaged lumber, and general cargo. In 1968, the Mormacsea, the first American-built multipurpose vessel, was launched. It can carry containers, roll-on/roll-off cargo, and general cargo. It also has refrigerated space.

 

Ex. 14. Answer the questions.

 

1. What ships were designed first to carry only one kind of cargo? 2. What advantages and disadvantages do supertankers have? 3. How can you characterize in short the cargo which is transported by dry bulk carriers? 4. Where and what for were the first dry bulk carriers designed? 5. How did earlier tankers carry oil? 6. What for are modern supertankers being planned and built? 7. What design have dry bulk carriers had for centuries? 8. What are multipurpose cargo ships for? 9. What cargo ship is preferable for a small shipping company to your mind? 10. What type of cargo ships do barges resemble? 11. How were barges propelled in the past? 12. What determines the size and shape of a river or canal barge?

 

Ex. 15. Explain why.

a) tankers might get its name;

b) supertankers are useful only for long hauls;

c) supertankers have many economic advantages over smaller tankers;

d) dry bulk carriers required more complicated loading and unloading arrangements than tankers;

e) multipurpose cargo ships are being launched in various countries;

f) barges that operate in coastal waters can be practically any size.

Ex. 16. Develop the idea.

1) Supertankers are widely used nowadays in spite of their disadvantages;

2) Modern dry bulk carriers do not much differ from the first ones;

3) Multipurpose cargo ships are becoming more and more popular;

4) Barges are like small dry bulk carriers.

Ex. 17. Make up a short summary of the text.

 

Ex. 18. Speak on the topic “Cargo Ships”.

 

 

 

UNIT IV

SPECIALIZED VESSELS

 

Ex. 1. Read and remember the words.

Coble, slipway, fitting, gantry, transom, dissection, non-sweeping, consequence, rolling, pitching, contradiction, searchlight, livelihood, hardship, salvage, capability, foam, receipt, captivity, dead-wood, stock, valves, elimination, echo-sounder, precaution, distress, payload, hawser, notch, momentum, reefer, commodity, survey, strata, conveyance;

Freeze, confuse, process, endure, drift, heel, quarrel, numb, gut, strand, rescue, render, weld, designate, differentiate;

Inseparable, arduous, rigorous, bitter, tough, indispensable, immense, dual;

Ashore.

 

Ex.2. Insert the right word.

Contradiction, foam, distress, hardships, precautions, fitting, reefer, drifted, welding, consequences

1. The expedition suffered a lot of … ; the major one was the lack of food. 2. The fire can be fought either with water or with… . 3. The … is another name for the refrigerator ship. 4. Elements in metal structures are usually fitted by … . 5. Your actions come into … with existing laws. 7. The … of the device took several hours. 8. This … may have serious … for biological life in the area. 9. There was no wind and the boat … slowly. 10. This work may be dangerous; you must take … beforehand.

 

Ex. 3. Change the words of italic type with their synonyms from your active vocabulary.

1. Salvage ships are aimed to save vessels and people in the case of disaster. 2. For towing ships steel cables are used. 3. To erect a structure the builder must have a review of ground layers. 4. This material is very dense. 5. The engineer indicated all the disadvantages of the project. 6. The liquidation of the reasons that cause the accident might have prevented it. 7. The conveniences of the inner design make this yacht type very attractive for wealthy customers. 8. Wooden hulls of sailing ships had to be regularly careened to preserve the speed of the vessel. 9. Liners are the most comfortable means of marine transportation. 10. Icebreakers can move through the ice due to their great inertia.

 

Ex. 4. Define in one word.

 

a) a small fishing vessel with a flat bottom;

b) a kind of a shelf or a type of antenna;

c) an obstacle (in a figurative sense);

d) a cargo transportation of which is paid by a customer;

e) an acoustic device to define the distance under the water;

f) a powerful lamp sending light for many miles away;

g) huge or giant;

h) salary or income necessary for life;

i) smth necessary or important;

j) potential abilities or talent.

 

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian.

 


-to do par­ticular jobs

-to become an inseparable part

-to range in size

-the supposed area of fishing

-through the special stern slipway

-to have an area of

-all kinds of rolling and pitching

-ready for supplying to the

customer

-to endure bitter cold

-the hardships of the task

-to offer the assistance

-floating objects

-operations on rescue of people

-struggle for survivability

-regenerative works

-an underwater part

-connected to accident precaution

-a strengthened hull

-the immense weight of the ship

-to transport perishable commodities

-temperature-controlled transportation

-conventional vessels

-hydrographic and seismic surveys

-navigational charts for shipping

-the strata beneath the seabed

-to fulfill a dual role

-to operate in polar waters

-overnight journeys

-double-berth cabins

-plenty of storage space

-heavy bulb keel

-a great sail area

-vessels with basic accommodation

-sophisticated and luxurious boats


 

Ex. 6. Read and translate the text.

 

TEXT 4A

FISHING SHIPS

Many ships and boats have been designed to do par­ticular jobs. Refrigerator ships, tugboats, salvage ships, train ferries, icebreakers, oceanographic ships and of course fishing vessels of different types has become an inseparable part of the world fleets.

Fishing vessels range in size from small inshore fishing craft (motor-powered cobles) to large, freezer-factory ships, they differ in the supposed area of fishing (deep-sea, inshore and middle-water fishing) and the model of operating (trawlers, seiners, drift net vessels, whale factories, etc.).

In fish harbours and on seaways one can meet many small fishing vessels – trawlers. There are two types of trawlers. side and stern. The sizes of them are usually very different. The length of side trawlers is not more than 50-60 m and they have special equipment for side trawling. The stern trawlers rise and drop their trawl through the special stern slipway. A recently-built stern trawler is 73 m overall. Side trawlers have superstructure aft and stern ones have it in the middle of the hull or forward. The working deck of a large stern trawler can have an area of about 400-420 sq m which must be clear of all deck fittings, so that a full trawl may be spread out. The design of the modem fishing vessel incorporates a high, soft-nosed stem, well-flared bows, streamlined bridge and superstructure, a gantry and transom stern.

Such transom stern was first adopted by whale factory ships to haul their catch up to the deck for dissection.

The work here can be rather dangerous, because the main feature of fishing vessels isthe necessity of crew work on the top deck, in storm wea ther including.

 

Pic. 12. A fishing trawler navigation mode

 

That is why, the achievement non-sweeping of a bow deck, which has by a consequence increasing all kinds of rolling and pitching, comes in the obvious contradiction with a safety of work on the aft trawl deck.

The stern fishing vessel described here must not be confused with the larger, stern fishing factory vessels which are used not only to catch fish, but also to process them. These ships have equipment to be­head, clean, and refrigerate the fish, concentrating on filleting and freezing all fish in their various species, and packing them in cartons ready for supplying to the customer.

The smaller boats usually return daily to catch the early market. The large craft are usually away from port three or four days, fishing the more distant grounds. The deep-sea fishermen experience many disadvantages. They are away from home for three weeks at a time and usually put to sea again after only 48 hours ashore, so that they cannot have much home life. Their hours and conditions of work are most arduous. Winter in the northern water is very rigorous. The fishermen endure bitter cold and face danger from stormy seas and drifting ice flows. With numbed hands, they gut the icy fish upon the heeling deck. Light floods down upon them from an overhead searchlight while all around are the freezing waters and seeming endlessness of the Arctic night. But this is their life and their livelihood. They go to bring the harvests of the Northern seas to help to feed their countrymen.

Deep-sea trawling has been called the toughest job in the world and nobody who has studied the hardships of the task will quarrel with the description.

 

Ex.7. Answer the questions.

1. How can you define a specialized vessel? 2. What kinds of fishing vessels can you name? 3. What two principles are they classified by? 4. What trawler is bigger. a side or a stern one? 5. What is the difference between them except their size? 6. What is included into the typical design of the modem fishing vessel? 7. Why can the work of a fisherman be rather dangerous? 8. Why is the achievement non-sweeping of a bow deck in the contradiction with a safety of work on the aft trawl deck? 9. What is the difference between the stern fishing vessel and the stern fishing factory vessel? 10. What disadvantages experienced by the deep-sea fishermen can you enlist?

 

Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give grounds to your answer.

1. Fishing vessels include a wide range of ships. from the small to huge ones. 2. The trawler is one of biggest fishing vessels. 3. There are three types of trawlers. a side, a stern and a bow one. 4. The crew work on the top deck may be dangerous in storm weather. 5. The trawler design stern appeared due to whale factory ships. 6. Due to its design a trawler is free from any kind of rolling and pitching. 7. The stern fishing factory is a kind of the trawling stern fishing vessel. 8. All fish on board of the stern fishing factory is stored altogether and packed for customers only ashore. 9. The deep-sea fishermen work mainly in the southern seas. 10. Deep-sea trawling is one of the hardest toughest jobs in the world.

 

Ex. 9. Translate into English.

1. Специальные суда предназначены для выполнения определенного вида работы. 2. Моторные плоскодонные лодки относятся к внутреннему рыболовецкому флоту. 3. Тип рыболовецкого судна зависит от предполагаемого района ловли. 4. Кормовой стапель – это часть специального оборудования траулера. 5. Рабочая палуба кормового траулера должна быть свободна от надстроек, чтобы можно было полностью развернуть трал. 6. Транцевая корма была впервые применена на китобойных плавучих фабриках, чтобы поднимать улов на палубу. 7. Незаливаемость носовой палубы траулера противоречит безопасности работ на корме. 8. Плавучие рыболовецкие фабрики используются не только для ловли, но и обработки рыбы. 9. Суда, которые ловят рыбу на более удаленных площадках, обычно отсутствуют в порту несколько дней. 10. Тот, кто знает трудности этой работы, не будет оспаривать, что она одна из самых тяжелых в мире.

 

Ex. 10. Define the main topic and idea of the text, split it into the logical parts, and make up the plan of the text.

Ex. 11. Abstract the text.

Ex. 12. Read and translate the text.

TEXT 4B

SALVAGE AND SERVICE SHIPS

Salvage ships are an invaluable part of any naval fleet, and their capabilities cover many areas. When a ship becomes disabled on the high seas, a salvage vessel can assist by towing or by using its heavy-lift equipment. In addition, it will remove stranded ships from shorelines, and offer the assistance of divers for rescue operations. These ships can also provide firefighting help, using either foam or seawater.

The main two functions of salvage ships are. (1) towage of floating objects and (2) salvage operations on rendering assistance to a vessel suffering disaster and rescue of a human life on the sea.

Pic. 13. A Salvage Ship

 

For today salvage (or rescue) ships render the following services.

§ Search of a vessel or people suffering disaster on the sea;

§ Carrying out of operations on rescue of people and rendering of the necessary help;

§ Struggle for survivability of a vessel together with crew or without participation of crew of a saved vessel (struggle against a fire, receipt outboard waters, an icing; dewatering compartments; moving of cargoes, a ballast and so forth);

§ Maintenance of a vessel on afloat;

§ Removal of a vessel from a bank, reeves, etc.;

§ Regenerative works on restoration of a saved vessel’s seaworthiness and repair of ship systems and devices;

§ Clearing of a vessel from ice captivity, near to dangers, at a direction of drift aside dangers, and also in case of damage of the case or rudder-propeller devices of a vessel;

§ Towage of a saved vessel in a safe place (a port, a bay, a shallow, etc.);

§ Survey and clearing of an underwater part of a vessel;

§ Underwater welding works;

§ Elimination defect breakdown cases of a vessel, various mechanisms and devices (a dead-wood, a stock, a rudder, a valves and so forth), having contact with outboard water;

§ Repair sliding outboard devices of echo-sounders and hydroacoustic stations;

The salvage service is indispensable on sea ways, in areas of basing and a craft of courts of fleet of a fishing industry and fishing collective farms, in areas of the diving and other works connected to accident precaution or liquidation of their consequences and a safety.

Service ships are designed for a particular kind of job. They include tugboats, pilot ships, refrigerator vessels, icebreakers, fire-fighting ships, cable layers, floating lighthouses and a lot of other types.

Tugboats provide assistance to large vessels heading into port. Without their help, the giant ships would find maneuvering in shipping lanes to be very difficult. In addition, tugboats can tow massive vessels in distress, bringing them out of dangerous areas. Tugboats are quite strong for their size. Early tugboats had steam engines; today diesel engines are used. Tugboat engines typically produce 750 to 3000 horsepower (500

Pic. 14. River Tugboat

to 2000 kW), but larger boats (used in deep waters) can have power ratings up to 25 000 hp (20 000 kW). The engines are often the same as those used in railroad engines, but typically drive the propeller mechanically instead of converting the engine output to power electric motors, as is common for railroad engines. Tugboats are highly maneuverable and various propulsion systems have been developed to increasemaneuverability and increase safety.

There are two groups of tugboats, either Inland or Oceangoing.

Inland tugboats come in two categories.

1) Harbour tugs (the most typical of the tugboats that people recognize. They are used worldwide to move ships in and out of berth and to move industrial barges around waterfront business complexes);

2) River tugs (also referred to as towboats or pushboats. They are designed as large squared off vessels with flat bows for connecting with the rectangular stern of the barges).

Oceangoing tugboats come in four categories.

1) The conventional tug (the standard seagoing tugboat with a model bow that tows its payload on a hawser);

2) The notch tug (assigned to tow and push a specific barge, usually built to the shape and specifications of that tugboat);

3) The articulated tug and barge, or ATB, (a specially designed vessel, comprised of a tugboat and a barge which are coupled using specially designed machinery;

4) The integrated tug and barge, or ITB, (a rigidly connected tug and barge).

An icebreaker is a special purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters.

Pic. 15. Pilot ships

The term icebreaking, however, can also refer to smaller vessels (e.g., icebreaking boats that were used on the Canals of Great Britain in the days of commercial carrying). As for a ship tobe considered an icebreaker it requires three components. a strengthened hull, an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through, none of which are possessed by most normal ships. To pass through ice-covered water, an icebreaker uses its great momentum and power to drive its bow up onto the ice, breaking the ice under the immense weight of the ship.

The reefer (or refrigerator ship) is a type of ship typically used to transport perishable commodities which require temperature-controlled transportation, mostly fruits, meat, fish, vegetables, dairy products and other foodstuffs.

Reeferships may be split into two categories.

1) Sidedoor vessels, which have sidedoors that are lowered to the quay and serve as loading and discharging ramps;

2) Conventional vessels, which have a traditional cargo operation with hatches and cranes or derricks.

Pic. 16. Russian fire fighting ship "Katun-2"

As for the other ships like cable layers pilot vessels, fire fighting ships, floating lighthouses their functions are quite obvious.

 

Ex. 13. Answer the questions.

1. What for can salvage ships be used? 2. What are the main two functions of salvage ships? 3. What main service can salvage ships provide? 4. What areas is the salvage service indispensable? 5. What vessels are included into service ships? 6. What is the main task of tugboats? 7. What groups and categories can tugboats be divided into? 8. What are the particular features of the icebreaker design? 9. What is the principle of icebreaking? 10. What categories of reeferships can you name?

 

Ex. 14. Explain why.

1) salvage ships are an invaluable part of any naval fleet;

2) so different kinds of ships are referred to one group of service vessels;

3) the tugboats engines are more powerful than, for example, the railroad ones;

4) the immense weight is very important for the icebreaker;

5) there is a need for a special refrigerator vessels.

 

Ex. 15. Develop the idea.

a) The capabilities of salvage ships cover many areas;

b) Without the tugboats, the giant ships would find maneuvering in shipping lanes to be very difficult;

c) The icebreaker has peculiarities, none of which are possessed by most normal ships;

d) Refrigerator ship is a type of ship typically used to transport perishable commodities.

 

Ex. 16. Abstract the text.

 

Ex. 17. Skim the text.

TEXT 4C

Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2016-07-27

lectmania.ru. Все права принадлежат авторам данных материалов. В случае нарушения авторского права напишите нам сюда...