FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF SHIP-BUILDING

Ex. 1. Read and remember the words.

rudder containerize interdependent

maintenance wear from prospective

tossing define excessive

preconditions reduce windage height

Ex.2. Insert the right word.

(Technical training, engine room, pilot’s cabin, bridge, maintenance, computer)

1. Neither a staff of engineers no a crew of the ship will do ship …, but the qualified workers in port.

2. The plane engines can be run from the … .

3. There is no necessity for a crew or a staff of engineers of future ships to stand

watch in the … .

4. The engine of a future ship can be managed from the … .

5. In the ships of future all data, control and further operations will be determined by a … .

6. The staff of a future ship need more qualified … .

Ex. 3. Change the words of italic type with their synonyms from your active vocabulary.

1. Essential reduction of volumes of the hull in case of emergency will improve

storm maneuvering.

2. The plane engines will be put into action from the pilot’s cabin.

3. Placing of the basic volumes in a stern part of the hull that takes into consideration the storming navigation is one of preconditions for safe storming.

4. Changing of the center of gravity to a bow will provide horizontal tail- planning of tossing at the moment on excitement.

5. Substantial cutting down of crew will be the result of efficient development of a future ship.

6. The prospective projects of future ships contribute to the safety of fastness in conditions of real ocean navigation.

Ex. 4. Define in one word.

- Load or cargo packed in different volumes (special tanks, cans etc.);

- special arrangements/structures put up on the top deck above the deck- level;

- some things (lows, rules) , which are dependent on each other;

- going up and down of a ship on the waves at the moment on excitement;

- lows and rules of “sea traffic”;

- capacity of a ship to preserve fastness in any conditions of real ocean navigation;

- capacity of a ship to swing in any proper direction, to change speed if needed, to balance perfectly even in storm conditions.

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian.

1. Electronic equipment will determine a ship’s course and, by sending information to machinery regulate the rudder, steer the vessel.

2. There are six interdependent rules, received from historical analysis of properties of ship architecture.

3. Aluminium is corrosion- resistant and can prevent wear from the chemicals in seawater.

4. Displacement of the center of gravity to a bow advancing the dynamic center of lateral resistance will provide stabilization and assure fastness in conditions of storm roughness.

5. Exclusion of boards flares, wide and continuous top deck as also inclination forward of surface part of the stem will remove a problem of excessive tossing and impacts of waves during storm.

6. Essential reduction of the area of inertia of a waterline surface, volumes of the hull and windage height of superstructures will contribute to preservation of fastness in conditions of real ocean navigation.

Ex. 6. Read and translate the text.

TEXT 8A

SHIPS OF THE FUTURE

Future ships will be even more efficient than those of today and so will cost less to operate. More and more ships will carry containerized cargo, and all ships will be larger. Ships will become increasingly automated. A staff of engineers will no longer need to stand watch in the engine room. Instead, ship engines will be operated from the bridge, just as plane engines are run from the pilot's cabin. Electronic equipment will navigate tomorrow's ships automatically. A computer will determine a ship's course and, by sending the information to machinery that regulates the rudder, steer the vessel.

As a result of these developments, ship officers will receive increased technical training. Crews will become smaller. Ship maintenance will no longer be done at sea by the crew, but in port by specialized workers. To avoid such maintenance work as painting, the bridge, cabins, and other structures on the main deck will be built of alumi­num and other materials that do not rust and that resist wear from the chemicals in seawater. The officers and crew of a ship work as a team to see that the passengers, the cargo, and the ship itself arrives at their destination safely and on time.

Speaking on shipbuilding principles of the coming century, in the prospective project of a future ship the following six interdependent rules, received from the historical analysis of properties of ship architecture, should be included.

1. Displacement of the center of gravity to a bow, advancing the dynamic center of lateral resistance. It will provide stabilization of tossing at a movement on excitement and create the preconditions for safe storming;

2. Essential reduction of the area, and also cross and longitudinal moments of inertia of a waterline surface, and sharpening of stem and stern posts it in extremities. (For reduction the influence of moderate excitement and preservation of fastness in conditions of real ocean navigation);

3. Exclusion of boards flares, wide and continuous top deck (and also inclination forward of surface part of the stem). During storm navigation it will remove a problem of excessive tossing and impacts of waves both on the hull, and on a deck, and also will create conditions for active management of a course of a vessel;

4. Essential reduction of volumes of the hull in extremities, that will improve storm maneuvering;

Pic. 40. In the project of a universal vessel is shown, that the realization of the form of the hull satisfying to all set forth above requirements to seaworthiness, is possible even for the most complex universal vessel.

5. Allocation of the basic surface volumes in a stern part of the hull that takes into account properties of real storm roughness and does not prevent preservation of a course and maneuvering;

6. Essential reduction of windage height of superstructures, remembering that the beauty of the ship is defined by absence of unnecessary things on board.

Ex.7. Answer the questions.

1. Does the prospective project of a future ship require any changes of technical facilities and personel?

2. What materials can be more preferable to build the bridge, cabins and other structures on the main deck?

3. What arrangements must be done for reduction the influence of moderate excitement and preservation of fastness in conditions of real ocean navigation?

4. What can create conditions for active management of a course of a vessel?

5. What is the beauty of a ship defined by?

Ex. 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give grounds to your answer.

1. Substantial minimization of the area, cross and longitudinal moments of inertia of a waterline surface, sharpening of stem and stern posts reduce the impacts of waves in extremities.

2. Essential reduction windage height of superstructures defines the beauty of a ship.

3. Exclusion of boards flares, wide and continuous top deck and inclination forward of surface part of the stem will solve a problem of excessive tossing and impacts of waves on the hull and on the deck.

4. Placing on the basic surface volumes in a stern part of the hull envisages (предусматривает) the real storm roughness and good maneuvering during storm navigation.

5. One of the several rules received from the historical analysis of properties of ship architecture is essential reduction of the hull.

Ex. 9. Translate into English.

1. Корабли будущего будут более эффективны, чем в настоящее время и намного более автоматизированы.

2. Технические работы на корабле будут производиться не командой в море, а специалистами на берегу.

3. Значительное сокращение высоты надпалубных сооружений также поможет улучшить маневрирование судна во время шторма.

4. Исключение бортовых выступов, широкой и длинной верхней палубы, как и наклон передней части носа корабля позволит решить некоторые проблемы навигации в штормовой ситуации.

5. Перенос центра тяжести на нос корабля и перемещение центра динамики горизонтального сопротивления обеспечит стабилизацию движения корабля при волнении на море.

Ex. 10. Define the main topic and idea of the text, split it into the logical parts, and make up the plan of the text.

Ex. 11. Abstract the text.

Ex. 12. Read and translate the 2^nd part of the text.

TEXT 8B

THE NAVY IN THE 21^ST CENTURY

Sea warfare will never be the same again. The titanic mid-ocean battles that were the scenario of the Cold War will never be enacted. Instead, future naval battles will be fought along coastlines against developing countries or small regional powers. The navy of the future will be optimized for shallow water warfare, and in this respect minehunting vessels will come into their own, for mines willpresent a serious risk to inshore operations. There are mine-countermeasures vessels already in service, which are constructed from glass-reinforced plastic to give maximum protection.

‘Stealthy’ warships, capable of approaching a hostile coastline and operating undetected within sight of it, are already in an advanced stage of development. In 1997, British shipbuilders unveiled a ‘Stealth’ ship called Sea Wraith II, which employs various deception devices. For example, it has a mast fitted with various dihedral and trihedral shapes, which strongly reflect radar signals, masking the ship’s true radar signature.

Pic. 41. A futuristic ‘Stealth’ frigate “The Sea Wraith II”

Sea Wraith is also camouflaged in the thermal part of the spectrum, to defend against heat-seeking missiles. A ship’s thermal signature comes mainly from the engine exhaust, which heats up the funnels. To minimize this effect, Sea Wraith passes its exhaust fumes through sea water before expelling them, so that all that emerges from the funnels are cool gases.

Measures such as this, however, are not enough to confuse the latest generation of anti-ship missiles, which home in on their target using thermal video images. The only way to protect the ship is to hide it entirely. Sea Wraith has a cloaking device that hides the whole ship from sensors in the visible and infrared regions. The vessel will be fitted with thousands of tiny nozzles that spray atomized water into the air, enveloping the ship in a giant cloud of fine water droplets. This absorb both short- and long-wavelength infrared as well as visible light, but allows the ship’s radar to function normally.

Another project that might one day form a vital component of the Navy is the Stealth Trimaran Aircraft Carrier (STAC), which is being investigated as an option to replace the existing aircraft carriers. STAC will be faster, longer, wider, more stable and far less vulnerable to attack. Incorporating the latest ‘Stealth’ technology, it will have a radar signature similar to that of a fishing trawler. Displacing some 40,000 t, it will carry 55 aircrafts and have a maximum speed of 40 knots. Her hull configuration, almost 1000 ft (300 m) long with a flight deck of 328 ft (100 m) wide, permits up to 30 aircraft to be prepared for launch at one time. The two out-rigger hulls will protect the central hull from torpedoes and missiles, and will keep the carrier afloat in the event of severe damage.

Such advanced warships, like STAC for example, will cost about £3 billion per unit, which raises the question of whether even a developed nation can afford it. Whether these developments can help to make our dangerously unstable world safer is another matter.

Ex. 13. Answer the questions.

1. Whether the scenario of present and future sea warfare are the titanic mid- ocean battles? Is the American invasion of Iraq one of the examples of future naval battles?

2. What kinds of navy come into the sight in this respect?

3. Are there any ships to counteract such vessels?

4. The warships of what capacity are ready in an advanced stage of development?

5. What deception devices are used on a “Stealth” ship?

6. Has Sea Wraith II any resources to defend against heat- seeking missiles?

7. Does the cloaking device help to hide the ship entirely?

8. What does the latest “Stealth technology” consist of?

9. Will two out- rigger hulls protect the central hull of new STAC and do it less vulnerable to attack?

10. Could such new investigation in the navy safe our unstable world?

Ex. 14. Explain why.

1.The titanic mid- ocean battles ( that were the scenario of the Cold War) will never be enacted.

2. The navy of the future will be optimized for shallow water warfare?

3. Glass- reinforced plastic was chosen for construction of mine- countermeasures vessels.

4. A “Stealth” ship called Sea Wraith II can strongly reflect radar signals.

5. The engine exhaust of Sea Wraith emerges from the funnels are cool gases.

6. Such measures are not enough to confuse the latest generation of anti- ship missiles.

7. Sea Wraith II is invisible for both long- and short- wavelength infrared.

8. The Stealth Trimaran Aircraft Carrier is identified by a hostile radar?

9. The central hull of STAC is more inaccessible for torpedoes and missiles.

10. Even a developed country can hardly afford a warship like STAC.

Ex. 15. Develop the idea.

1) Sea warfare will never be the same again. Great battles of the XIX- th century, early XX- th century and even the Cold War scenario’s titanic mid- ocean battles are in the past. Politics is changing, and politicians consider another tactics and strategy.

2) Navy of future disposes the vessels of new generation, made of new materials, employing various deception devices.

3) The latest generation of anti- ship heat- seeking missiles home in their target using thermal video images. Some measures are developed to protect a ship from torpedoes and missiles.

4) New “Stealth” technologies can even deceive physical lows; confuse the detection systems. Not only a single ship but the whole aircraft carrier can vanish.

5) Military technologies ( like “Stealthy” technologies) are fantastic, tomorrow technologies. Great amount of money are spent for war aims. The cost of every warship of new generation is equal to the annual budget of a developing country.

Ex. 16. Make up a short summary of the text.

Ex. 17. Read and translate the text. Speak on the ways of ship future automation..

TEXT 8C