District (town), garrison courts (courts of the first level)

The courts belong also to different instances:

The courts of first instances – are such courts, which hear a case and finish it by passing a resolution. Any kind of court can be regarded as the court of the first instance.

The courts of second instances – are such courts, which check the correctness of the court verdicts having come into force.

UKRAINE’S COURT SYSTEM

1. Vocabulary practice.

Find the synonyms in the passage to the following words:

Ø To perform

Ø Legality

Ø Sentence

Ø Legal claim

Ø Impose

Ø To direct

Ø Suitable

Agree or disagree with the statements:

1. The court system in Ukraine is based upon the statute of Ukraine.

1. The highest judicial organ of the specialized courts is the Supreme Court.
2. Arbitration Courts hear household and business cases between the citizens.
3. One of the main principles of administering the law is equality.
4. The appeal courts are the courts of second instance.

1. Discussion.

How does the court system in Ukraine differ from those in the USA and Great Britain? What are the similarities and differences between the judiciary of Ukraine and Great Britain / and the USA ?

THE BRITISH POLICE

The British police officer – sometimes called the “bobby” after Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the police force – is a well – known figure to anyone has visited Britain or who has seen British films. Policemen – and women – are to be seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in the streets (“pounding the beat”) or driving in cars (known as “panda cars” because of their distinctive markings). Few people realise, however, that the police in Britain are organised very differently from many other countries.

Most countries, for example, have a national police force which is controlled by central Government. Britain has no national police force, although police policy is governed by the central Government’s Home Office. Instead, there is a separate police force for each of 52 areas into which the country is divided. Each has a police authority – a committee of local county councillors and magistrates.

The forces co-operate with each other, but it is unusual for members of one force to operate in another’s area unless they are asked to give assistance. This sometimes happens when there has been a very serious crime. A Chief Constable (the most senior police officer of a force) may sometimes ask for the assistance of London’s police force, based at New Scotland Yard – known simply as “the Yard”.

In most countries, the police carry guns. The British police generally do not carry firearms, except in Northern Ireland. Only a few police are regularly armed – for instance, those who guard politicians and diplomats or who patrol airports. In certain circumstances specially trained police officers can be armed, but only with the signed permission of a magistrate.

All members of the police must have gained a certain level of academic qualifications at school and undergone a period of intensive training. Like the army, there are a number of ranks: after the Chief Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make up about 10 per cent of the police force. The police are helped by a number of Special Constables – members of the public who work for the police voluntarily for a few hours a week.

Each police force has its own Criminal Investigation Department (CID). Members of CIDs are detectives, and they do not wear uniforms. (The other uniformed people you see in British towns are traffic wardens. Their job is to make sure that drivers obey the parking regulations. They have no other powers – it is the police who are responsible for controlling offences like speeding, careless driving and drunken driving.)

The duties of the police are varied, ranging from assisting at accidents to safeguarding public order and dealing with lost property. One of their main functions is, of course, apprehending criminals and would-be criminals.

JUVENILE CRIME

A.

1. What does the term ‘ Juvenile Crime’ denote ?

Juvenile Crime, in law, term denoting various offences committed by children or youth under the age of 18. Such acts are sometimes referred to as juvenile delinquency. Children offences typically include delinquent acts, which would be considered crimes if committed by adults, and status offences, which are less serious misbehavior such as truancy and parental disobedience. Both are within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court; more serious offences committed by minors may be tried in criminal court and be subject to prison sentences.

Under Anglo-American law, a crime is an illegal act committed by a person who has criminal intent. A long-standing presumption held that, although a person of almost any age can commit a criminal act, children under 14 years old were unlikely to have criminal intent. Many juvenile courts have now discarded this so called infancy defense and have found that delinquent acts can be committed of children of any age.