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Text 5. Famous British Cities and Towns

Great Britain is mainly an industrial country, and most of the people there live in towns and cities. London, its capital, is the most important city of Great Britain.

The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh. It is one of the most written-about and photographed cities on earth. Edinburgh is a delight to explore on foot; most of its attractions are contained within a compact central area. Edinburgh Castle is the natural starting-point for any visit. It is a famous fortress, which is situated in the centre of the city on a high hill called Castle Rock. The oldest parts of the building date back to about 1100. Visitors can also look round the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the Queen's official residence in Scotland.

The main cities of Wales are Cardiff, its capital, Swansea and Newport. Wales is famous for its medieval castles that stretch like an iron chain across Wales. Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland, is one of the youngest capitals of the world. It is a city of the 19th century and of the industrial revolution.

In the South part of England there are quite a lot of other famous cities. Brighton is the largest holiday bathing resort of the south coast. It is famous for its Indian-style palace, called the Royal Pavilion. It is a popular place for people to go for a holiday.

Windsor is famous for its castle, which is an official residence of the royal family. When the Queen is at the castle a special flag is put up to tell everybody. Some of the interior apartments are open to the public when the Queen is not in residence. In 1993 the castle was seriously destroyed by fire.

Bath is known for its natural hot spring, the only one in Britain, as well as for its old Roman baths, which remain the heart of the city. Another spectacular sight of Bath is the Abbey, which is called the 'lantern of the west' as it features more window than wall. The city is also famous for its annual agricultural shows and music festivals.

Oxford and Cambridge, known as Oxbridge, are famous for the oldest and most prestigious universities, founded in the 13th century. Most of their students are former public school leavers. The universities have over a hundred societies and clubs, enough for every interest one could imagine.

Stratford-upon-Avon lies at the very heart of England. It attracts people not only by its history and connection with William Shakespeare, but also by its wonderful nature and typical English character. Here you can visit Shakespeare's birthplace (it is a museum now), Grammar school which he attended, Holy Trinity Church where he was buried and, of course, the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, which is a living memorial to the poet's work.

One of the famous cities in the centre of England is Nottingham which is known throughout the world for its associations with the legend of Robin Hood. At the heart of the Robin Hood legend there is his former home, the magnificent Forest of Sherwood, situated not far from Nottingham. The name of Robin Hood is closely connected with Nottingham Castle, which is in the city itself. At the foot of the Castle there is a statue of Robin Hood. Now it houses a Museum of Fine and Applied Arts and contains paintings by many famous artists.

Another famous city in the central England is York, which was once the capital of a Viking kingdom. It is known for its chocolate factories, the National Railway Museum and the Viking Centre, an archaeological museum where visitors are carried in «time-cars» through a vivid recreation of York under the Danish kings with the sights, sounds and even smells of the period.

Chester is the most historic city in north-west England. Attractively set on the River Dee, the city has an ancient history dating back to its days as a Roman port and a fortress. It is famous for its black-and-white buildings and a splendid red sandstone cathedral. Visitors to Chester can stroll along a reconstructed Victorian street and visit its unique galleried shops called Rows.

The main industrial cities in England are Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle. Liverpool is not only an industrial centre. First of all it is known all over the world as the birthplace of 'The Beatles'. In the Beatles Story Museum you can find everything about this famous group. Among other museums one can mention the Boat Museum and the branch of the Tate Gallery. There is also the largest Garden Zoo there. The city is famous for its sport, too. One of the biggest football stadiums in Britain is in Liverpool.

 

 

Text 6. The United States of America

Vocabulary

to occupy smth –занимать что-либо
total area –общая площадь

to border on smth –граничить с чем-то

to have sea border with smth –иметь морскую границу с чем-либо

to be washed by smth –омываться чем-либо

to comprise –охватывать, включать
federal district –федеральный округ

to be situated in smth –располагаться в чем-то

population –население

climatic region –климатический район

subtropical -субтропический

arctic climate –арктический климат

on the border with smth –на границе с чем-то

to be rich in natural and mineral resources –быть богатым природными ресурсами и полезными ископаемыми

to produce copper –добывать медь

iron ore –железная руда

coal -уголь

highly developed industrial and agricultural country –высоко развитаяпромышленная и сельскохозяйственная страна

manufacturing industry –отрасль промышленности

armaments– вооружение

the world leading country –ведущая мировая держава

presidential republic –президентская республика
highest legislative body
– высший законодательный орган
the Congress– Конгресс

to consist of smth –состоять из чего-либо

the House of Representatives –Палата представителей

the Senate -Сенат

to elect a senator for –избрать сенатора на

to make a law –создавать закон

to declare war –объявлять войну

to impeach the President –объявить импичмент президенту

to approve a justice– утвердить судью

to appoint the Supreme Court– назначить Верховный суд

the executive branch of the govern­ment –исполнительная ветвь власти

the Cabinet of Ministers– кабинет министров

to be elected –быть избранным

citizen -гражданин

to be a civilian –быть гражданским лицом

to sign a bill –подписать закон

to veto a bill –наложить вето на законопроект

the judicial branch of the govern­ment– судебная власть

to enforce a law –ввести закон в действие

constitutional– конституционный

 

The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It is called the United States, the US, the USA, the States, America. The USA occupies the southern part of Northern America, Alaska in the north and some islands, including the Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is over nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Mexico in the south and Canada in the North. It has sea border with Russia, too. The western coast of the country is washed by the Pacific Ocean, and its eastern coast — by the Atlantic Ocean.

The USA comprises 50 states and one federal district, the District of Columbia, and has several territories. The capital of the country is Wash­ington, D. C, situated in the district of Columbia. The population of the country is about 250 million people who live mostly in cities and towns. The population of Washington is about 3 million people. The USA is a very large country and has different climatic regions. The coldest regions are in the north and north-east of the country. The climate of the south of the USA is subtropical, Alaska has arctic climate. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast because of the warm winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico. The USA is a state of rivers and lakes. America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the deepest and the largest in the USA. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.

The USA is rich in natural and mineral resources. It produces copper, iron ore and coal. It is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The most important manufacturing industries of the USA produce planes, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armament and paper, The UNA became the world leading country in the 19th century.

The USA is a presidential republic. The highest legislative body of the country is the Congress. It consists of two parts: the House of Representa-tives and the Senate. Each state elects two senators for four years. Л senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the USA for 9 years, and live in the state he represents. The job of the Congress is to make laws, declare war, impeach the President, approve the justices that the President appoints to the Supreme Court.

The executive branch of the government is the President and the Cabinet of Ministers. The President is elected every four years. He must be at least 35 years old, born in the USA, a citizen of the country for 14 years, and be a civilian. The President can sign or veto a bill, ask the Congress to declare war, appoint justices to the Supreme Court.

The judicial branch of the government is the Supreme court. Its job is to enforce laws. The Supreme Court can decide if the law is constitutional or not. The three branches work together to protect the Constitution and the rights of people.

 

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