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She problem was discussed from the viewpoint of its practical importance.

Unit 8

1. Learn, to pronounce the following words properly.

create [ ]

silicate [ ]

availability [ ]

vehicle [ ]

calcium [ ]

requisite [ ]

satisfactory [ ]

maintain [ ]

encounter[ ]

combination [ ]

generate [ ]

II. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the predicate in the Passive Voice;

She problem was discussed from the viewpoint of its practical importance.

2. The experiments conducted in the laboratory were followed by

The discussion of the results obtained.

The development of oil industry was influenced by the increased demand for oil.

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4. We were not told anything about the results obtained.

5. The equipment which, is needed, was sent for and, will be brought

in some days.

6. The data which were referred to are not reliable.

7. The information spoken about can't, be relied upon.

8. The solution of the problem which was much spoken about at the last

meeting can't be thought of at the present state of knowledge.

9. The man who is spoken to has developed the new method used at present.

10. The problem was discussed from different viewpoints because of great

importance both theoretically and practically.

III. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attentionto the word "any":

1. The rotary table may be actuated by any one of several types of prime movers.

2. In the actual drilling or boring of holes in any material by rotary method there are required a cutting tool or bit, a rotating motion of the tool, a means for maintaining a pressure of the bit against the material being cut, and, lastly, a medium for removing the material displaced by the bit, or the "cuttings".

3. The physical character of the fluid must provide sufficient weight to control any gas or fluid pressures which may exist and yet be light enough to keep in equilibrium the water or gas pressures in formations sufficiently porous to absorb the mud.

4. The weight of the fluid must be adequate to offset the pressure of any fluid, liquid or gas which may be lodged (to lodge - заклинить) with the sand and to retain the walls where caving shale is encountered.

5. Any tool, regardless of its purpose, must have energy applied to it in order that it may do the work for which it was designed.

6. In the cracking of petroleum where any or all of the various classes of hydrocarbons are present, the situation is quite different from cracking isolated, members of each series.

IV. translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the verbals:

1. We know this scientist to have designed this equipment.

2. We know of this scientist having introduced the new methods of recovery.

3. The students taking part in designing this machine will make reports at the conference.

4. having designed this machine, he could make a report.

 

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5. Having been designed, the equipment was introduced into industry.

6. When designed the equipment was introduced into industry.

7. The way of designing this equipment was very difficult.

8. By designing this equipment we shall make great progress.

9. It’s necessary for us to know many data to design this equipment.

10. (When) solving this problem, he learnt many new things.

11. After solving the problem he could design this equipment.

12. After being designed the equipment was used in oil industry.

 

V. Read the text: mud

The "mud" is a name used for a combination of chemicals.. It is pumped through, the bit and then up to the surface through the annular space between the walls of the well and the drill-string. The mud lubricates and cools the bit and flushes out the chippings created while drilling and brings them to the surface where they are filtered out of the mud so that it can be used again. The chippings provide valuable information about the formation penetrated. Traces of oil and gas brought up can give the first hint of a discovery. In addition the mud lines the walls of the hole preventing it from caving in. The weight of the mud balances the formation pressure encountered during drilling.

Drilling Fluids

1. types of Drilling Fluids:

Classification of drilling muds by generic name results in two mud systems, i.e. water-base and oil-base. Water-base muds are used mush more extensively than the oil-base types, as the latter are primarily restricted to special purpose drilling. Water-base muds consist of a large number of separate systems since the :only requi­site to fall in this class is the use of water for the base vehicle.

Drilling fluid types in use to-day are classified into the following groups; 1. Fresh Water Muds. 2. Salt Water Muds. 3. Calcium Treated Muds. 4. Oil Emulsion Muds. 5. Sodium Silicate Mud.

Of all these mud systems the fresh water type is the basic, most universally used mud system. This is the natural result of the availability and normally satisfactory functioning of water as the fluid vehicle. The remaining mud systems have been developed to over­come drilling conditions which fresh water muds have difficulty in handling or for which they are totally unfitted. These substitute systems are specially compounded and usually are more costly to build and maintain than fresh water type.

 

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To abrade - скалывать

Calcium treated mud - глинистый раствор, обработанный кальцием

Cutting (chipping) - шлам, выбуренная порода

Face - поверхность

To dull - затупляться, изнашиваться

Film - пленка

Oil-base mud - промывочный раствор на нефтяной основе

Salt water mud - соленый глинистый раствор

Sodium silicate mud - натриевый силикатный раствор

Water base mud - глинистый раствор на водной основе

Caving in - обрушение, обвал

To lubricate - смазывать

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annular space = annulus - затрубное пространство

vehicle - зд.: растворитель, носитель

mud weight - удельный вес бурового раствора

circulating pump - буровой насос

the only requisite to fall in this class - единственное требование для того, чтобы попасть в этот класс

VII. Form nouns from the following words and translate them into Russian:

 


to grow

possible

present

to lead

strong

dependent

to act

wide

absent

to work

deep

to cover

long

different

important


 

VIII. Arrange the words into groups in accordance with their origin:


stimulate

addition

perforate

production

perforation

treat

formation

complete

necessary

injection

possible

circulation

stimulation

move

completion

movement

conclusion

establishment

form

porosity

separate

produce

conclude

circulate

inject

pore

treatment

separation

add

impossible

impossibility

necessity



IX. Find Russian equivalents to the following phrases;

1. classification of drilling fluids 1. вязкость бурового раствора

2. annular apace 2. сопротивление трению

3. to flush out the chippings 3. Удаление выбуренной породы из скважины

4. to bring to the surface 4. Выносить на поверхность

5. to prevent from caving in 5. затрубное пространство

6. friction resistance 6. предотвращать обвал стенок скважины

7. viscosity of the mud 7. удалять шлам

8. removal of cuttings 8. классификация буровых растворов

X. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. During rotary drilling a special "mud" is forced under pressure down through the drill pipe.

2. This circulating cools and cleans the bit and flushes cuttings from the well.mud

 

 

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3. The mud cakes the sides of the wall preventing from caving in.

4. The cuttings are removed to the surface through the annulus between the drill

pipe and the sides of the hole.

5. Mud can be made to perform a lot of tasks by adjusting its weight and

chemical properties.

6. The chippings provide valuable information about the strata penetrated.

7. The choice of mud type for a specific instance is governed by those functions

which are the most critical to the well in question.

8. one of the functions of the drilling fluids is to remove cuttings from the

bottom of the hole to the surface.

9. In performing these duties a drilling fluid should not reduce the rate of

penetration.

10. She smaller the density difference between the cuttings and the mud, the

greater the viscosity, and the smaller the particle size, the slower will be the settling rate.

 

FIELD MUDS

Analyses of muds from different wells have given reproducible data which agree with concentrations of polymer calculated (from additions made and estimated system volumes) to be present.

It was recognized that whole mud data are of limited signifi­cance. Such data are not predictive of how much polymer is bound to active solids, and how much is available to encapsulate further influxes of drilled solids as drilling continues. It is conceivable that the entire polymer content of the mud could be bound to solids. Attention was therefore focussed on obtaining, in addition to the whole mud analysis, a realistic measurement of "excess" or "available"

 

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polymer present in the mud.

Reservations were previously expressed as to the significance of information obtained by analyzing the mud filtrate.

Samples of lab and field muds were centrifuged (at 14,000 rpm for 30 min) and the fractions were analyzed by the standard procedure. Under the preceding centrifuging conditions, aqueous solutions of the polymers showed no tendency towards stratification. I

The efficiency of separation of liquid and solid fractions of the mud is dependent on the mud composition as well as the speed and duration of centrifugation. All muds did not separate into a hard (wet) solid and clear liquid fractions. In some cases an intermediate colloidal layer was found to persist. All reported "avai­lable" polymer data have been limited to polymer determined to be present in the clear supernatant (uppermost layer). These data have been corrected to the whole mud volume.

The colloidal and (to a smaller extent) solid fractions will almost inevitably contain additional free polymer. Concentration of "available" polymer reported may therefore be taken as the absolute minimum concentration proven to be "available". In those cases where the mud separates cleanly into hard solid and clear supernatant, the value may be taken to be close to the actual level of "available" polymer in the mud.

When PHTA's are being used in a drilling fluid to encapsulate drilled solids, additions to the fluid should be made on a routine basis. It should, however, be clearly understood that it is not the fluid, but the drilled solids being incorporated into it, which are being treated.

(Technology, July 6, 1987, Oil and Gas Journal).

Notes

1. SHPA - partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides

UNIT 9

I. Learn to pronounce the following words:

 


precaution

avoid

finally

unexpectedly

commercial

replacement

intermediate

permit

continuous

particular

insufficient


 

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II. Read the following international words and give their Russian equivalents:

potential

determination

fluid

III. Translate into Russian paying attention to the word "as";

1. Gas is valued as a chemical raw material just as highly as oil.

2. As matter is the basic working material in our world, we ought to learn as much as possible about it.

3. As the experiment was very interesting many people watched it.

4. As an engineer you must know this technological process.

5. The workers will take part in the conference as well.

6. As to my friend I'm sure that he will take part in this discussion.

7. As we know, science in the Russia occupies a prominent place.

8. As the years went by, the methods of drilling have been greatly improved.

9. Our country becomes richer as more new oil and gas pools are found.

 

 

CEMENTING OPERATION.

 

The cementing of casing in oil wells is almost a universal practice and is done for a number of reasons, depending on the particular casing being cemented. Where conductor casing is required, it must be cemented in order to prevent the drilling fluid iron circulating outside the casing and thus causing the surface erosion which the casing was designed to prevent. Surface casing must be cemented in order to seal off and protect fresh water formations and give support at the surface for the deeper strings of casing. Intermediate strings of casing are cemented in order to seal off abnormal pressure formations effectively. Isolate incompetent formations which would cause excessive sloughing unless supported by casing and cement, and shut off zones of lost circu­lation in order to allow drilling to progress further. Oil strings are cemented in order to prevent migration of fluids to thief zones and sloughing of formations which would cause a reduction in well productivity. Cement also effectively protects the casing from corrosive environments, notably corrosive fluids, which nay exist in the subsurface formations.

With a few notable exceptions, Portland cement is the principal constituent of most cementing materials. It is the ordinary cement which has been used by the construction industry for many years. However, with the advent of its use for cementing casing in oil wells, the additional requirement of pumpability at increased temperature and pressure necessitated some revisions in specifications. Additives have been developed which change the specificati­ons of Portland cements to adapt them for use in oil well cemen­ting. In order for an oil well cement to perform satisfactorily its task, certain requirements must be met.

 

 

– 83 –

 

XVII. Translate the following text in writing. Use a dictionary:

 

FUNCTIONS OF WELL CASING.

 

Casing used in oil and gas wells is designed to serve several purposes. In supports the walls of the well and checks caving tendencies of unconsolidated formations. Although some sedimentary rocks, particularly the harder sandstones and limestones, may stand without support for long periods of time, most of soft poorly consolidated sands, shales and clays cave readily and, in doing so, endanger the drilling tools and well equipment, develop cavities about the wells and restrict progress in excavation. Casing may be used to exclude fluids in other intervals than that from which it is desired to produce also, it prevents escape of formation fluids through the well from one stratum to another. Water must be prevented from entering the oil and gas yielding strata from overlying or underlying formations. Gas and oil must be confined within the well casing so that they may not escape into overlying formations. At the surface the casing affords a means of attaching a control valve by means of which flow of gas and oil may be regulated and pressure within the well controlled. In an uncased hole, gas and oil may escape through the well into lower pressure permeable formations and be dissipated through them so that complete recovery can never be effected.

Casing must be watertight, particularly if it is to be used, in sealing off water, and it should, if possible, be made of material that resists corrosion, particularly when in contact with saline ground waters. The material the casing is made must be hard and rigid enough to resist abrasion and distortion by the contact with the exposed rocks or the drilling tools. The walls of the casing must be as thin as is consistent with the necessary strength in order to avoid undue loss

Unit 8

1. Learn, to pronounce the following words properly.

create [ ]

silicate [ ]

availability [ ]

vehicle [ ]

calcium [ ]

requisite [ ]

satisfactory [ ]

maintain [ ]

encounter[ ]

combination [ ]

generate [ ]

II. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the predicate in the Passive Voice;

She problem was discussed from the viewpoint of its practical importance.

2. The experiments conducted in the laboratory were followed by

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