FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER

Unit 6

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER

Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.

operation — операция; работа; действие; срабатывание

to relate — связывать; устанавливать отношения

a broad view— широкий взгляд, обзор

unit — устройство; модуль, блок; узел; элемент; ячейка

input — ввод; устройство ввода; вводить; подавать на вход

to insert — вставлять; вносить; включать

storage memory — память; запоминающее устройство

available — доступный; имеющийся в наличии

at the appropriate time — в нужное время

arithmetic-logical unit — арифметико-логическое устройство

output — вывод; устройство вывода; выводить; подавать на выход

to remove — удалять; устранять; вынимать; исключать

control unit — блок управления

cause — заставлять; вынуждать; быть причиной; причина; основание

to feed (fed, fed) — подавать; питать; вводить (данные)

to interpret — интерпретировать; истолковывать

to issue commands — выдавать команды

pulse — no-pulse — (есть) импульс — холостой импульс

Прочтите текст и назовите основные функциональные блоки компьютера и их назначение.

Text 1. FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS

As we know, all computer operations can be grouped into five functional categories. The method in which these five functional categories are related to one another represents the functional organization of a digital computer. By studying the functional organization, a broad view of the computer is received.

The five major functional units of a digital computer are:

1) Input - to insert outside information into the machine;

2) Storage or memory - to store information and make it available at the appropriate time;

3) Arithmetic-logical unit – to perform the calculations;

4) Output — to remove data from the machine to the outside world and

5) Control unit — to cause all parts of a computer to act as a team.

Figure 5 shows how the five functional units of the computer act together. A complete set of instructions and data are usually fed through the input equipment to the memory where they are stored. Each instruction is then fed to the control unit. The control unit interprets the instructions and issues commands to the other functional units to cause operations to be performed on the data. Arithmetic operations are performed in the arithmetic-logical unit, and the results are then fed back to the memory. Information may be fed from either the arithmetic unit or the memory through the output equipment to the outside world. The five units of the computer must communicate with each other. They can do this by means of a machine language which uses a code composed of combinations of electric pulses. These pulse combinations are usually represented by zeros and ones, where the one may be a pulse and the zero — a no-pulse. Numbers are communicated between one unit and another by means of these one-zero or pulse — no-pulse combinations. The input has the additional job of converting the information fed in by the operator into machine language. In other words, it translates from our language into the pulse — no-pulse combinations understandable to the computer. The output's additional job is converting the pulse — no-pulse combinations into a form understandable to us, such as a printed report.

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Дайте ответы на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1) What represents the functional organization of a computer?

2) What can we get by studying the functional organization?

3) What is the function of the input device? 4. What does memory serve for?

4) What is the task of the arithmetic-logical unit?

5) What is the function of the output?

6) What is the main purpose of the control unit?

7) How do all units of the computer communicate with each other?

8) What is the additional job of the input?

9) What is the additional function of the output?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Функциональная организация; действия компьютера; связывать друг с другом; вводить информацию извне; делать информацию доступной; выполнять вычисления; выводить информацию; блок управления; выдавать команды; заставлять выполнять команды; выходное устройство; внешний мир; связываться друг с другом; комбинация электрических импульсов; холостой импульс; импульсы, распознаваемые компьютером.

Разделите приведенные ниже слова на три группы, определяя по суффиксу часть речи — существительное, прилагательное или наречие. Переведите слова.

Organization, functional, available, equipment, processor, completely, architectural, converter, convertible, controller, removable, logical, addition, additional, usually, accomplishment, operator, operation, mainly, communication, insertion, electronic, digital, instruction, generally, arithmetic, daily, development, central, lately, visible, substitution, understandable.

Вспомните значение следующих прилагательных и преобразуйте их в сравнительную и превосходную степени.

A. Small; fast; new; long; late; wide; young; easy; great; dull; rich; bulky; large; vast; early; old; broad.

B. Frequent; reliable; approximate; significant; intricate; possible; basic; remarkable; common; modern; dependent; general; necessary; successful; scientific; universal.

С. Good; bad; little; many.

Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, какую дополнительную информацию вы узнали о действии основных устройств компьютера.

Расскажите о действии функциональных устройств компьютера, пользуясь приведенной ниже схемой.

Central processing unit

15. Составьте на русском языке аннотации к текстам, предложенным ниже.Обратите внимание на то, чтостиль аннотаций, как правило, имеет безличностныйхарактер. Выберите и используйте при работе следующие клише:

Статья (текст) посвящена проблеме/ вопросу ... В начале статьи

- речь идет о ...;

- дается определение...;

- обосновывается значимость ...;

- привлекается внимание к ...

Далее

- описывается...;

- рассказывается...;

- рассматривается...;

- излагается ...

В частности,

- отмечается, например, ...;

- подробно излагается...;

- описывается схема...;

- указывается ...;

- доказывается мысль...

Наконец

- раскрывается...

В заключение

- приводятся примеры

Подытоживая сказанное, следует отметить...

Как мне кажется, статья может представлять интерес для ...

Думается, статья может оказаться полезной для ...

1. LOGICAL CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

As it is known, any digital calculation — whether it is performed by 'pencil and paper' methods or with the aid of an automatic computer— must first be broken down into a sequence of elementary arithmetical operations, such as addition, or multiplication. Each such arithmetical operation may be converted into a sequence of simple logical operations. It should be noted that a binary digit may take only two values — "zero" and "one". A logical proposition may be either true or false.

A symbolism and a set of rules suitable for manipulating 'yes or no' logical propositions was developed by George Boole, a self-educated genius who became Professor of Mathematics at Cork University in the middle of the 19lh century. The techniques of Boolean algebra are now extensively used by electrical engineers for the design and analysis of switching circuits. Both the arithmetic and control units of a computer consist of sets of switching circuits for directing and manipulating electrical pulse signals.

The process of combining a number of electronic circuits of known logical properties into an integrated system capable of performing special arithmetical or control functions is known as logical design.

2. THE DEFINITION OF MECHANICAL BRAIN

Let's imagine a railroad line with four stations marked input, storage, computer and output. These stations are joined by little gates or switches to the main railroad line. We can imagine that numbers and other information move along this railroad line, loaded (погруженные) in cars. Input and output are stations where numbers or other information go in and come out respectively. Storage is a station where there are many platforms and where information can be stored. The computer is a special station, somewhat like a factory. When two numbers are loaded on platforms 1 and 2 of this station and the command is loaded on platform 3, then another number is produced on platform.

There is a tower, marked control. This tower runs a telegraph line to each of its little watchmen standing by the gates. The tower tells them when to open and when to shut which gates. Now we can see that as soon as the right gates are shut, cars loaded with information can move between stations. So by closing the right gates, we can flash (отражать) numbers and information through the system and perform operations of reasoning. Thus we receive a mechanical brain.

In general, a mechanical brain is made up of: a quantity of registers where information can be stored; channels along which information can be sent; mechanisms that carry out arithmetic and logical operations; a control, which guides the machine to perform a sequence of operations; input and output devices, where information can go into and out of the machine; and at last electricity, which provides energy.

16. Поменяйтесь вариантами и выполните письменный перевод текстов, приведенных выше.

TESTS

Unit 6

FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPUTER