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I. Text A: «Machine-tools», Text B: «Lathe»,Text C: «Milling, boring, drilling machines. Shapers and Planers», Text D: «Dies» II. Famous people of science and technology: George Stephenson, Robert Slephenson. Text A: «MACHINE-TOOIS» Machine-tools are used toshape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is called theworkpiece.Most machine-tools are nowelectrically driven. Machine-tools with electrical drive are faster and moreaccurate than hand tools: they were an important element in thedevelopment of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as to beinterchangeable. All machine-tools havefacilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool, and for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting toolrelative to the workpiece. Most machining operations generate largeamounts of heat, and use coolingfluids (usually a mixture of water and oils) for cooling andlubrication. Machine-tools usually work materials mechanically but other machining methods have been developed lately. They include chemical machining,spark erosionto machine very hard materials to any shape by means of a continuous high-voltagespark (discharge) between an electrode and a workpiece. Other machining methods includedrilling using ultrasound, and cuttingby means of a laserbeam. Numerical control of machine-tools andflexible manufacturing systems have made it possible for complete systems of machine-tools to be used flexibly for the manufacture of arange of products. Vocabulary: machine-tools — станки electrically driven — с электроприводом shape — форма workpiece — деталь accurate — точный development — развитие to allow — позволять, разрешать interchangeable — взаимозаменяемый facility — приспособление relative —относительный amount — количество fluid — жидкость to lubricate — смазывать spark erosion — электроискровая обработка discharge — разряд by means of — посредством beam — луч drilling — сверление flexible — гибкий range — ассортимент, диапазон Text B: «LATHE» Lathe is still the most important machine-tool. It produces parts ofcircular cross-section by turning the workpiece on its axis and cutting itssurface with a sharp stationary tool. The tool may be movedsideways to produce a cylindrical part and moved towards the workpiece to control thedepth of cut. Nowadays all lathes are power-driven by electric motors. That allows continuous rotation of the workpiece at a variety of speeds. The modern lathe is driven by means ofa headstock supporting a hollowspindle on accurate bearings and carrying either achuck or a faceplate, to which the workpiece is clamped. The movement of the tool, both along thelathe bed and at right angle to it, can be accurately controlled, soenabling a part to be machined to closetolerances. Modern lathes are often under numerical control. Vocabulary: lathe — токарный станок circular cross-section — круглое поперечное сечение surface — поверхность stationary — неподвижный, стационарный sideways — в сторону variety — разнообразие, разновидность depth — глубина headstock — передняя бабка spindle — шпиндель chuck — зажим, патрон faceplate — планшайба lathe bed — станина станка to enable — давать возможность tolerance — допуск General understanding: 1. What are machine-tools used for? 2. How are most machine-tools driven nowadays? 3. What facilities have all machine-tools? 4. How are the cutting tool and the workpiece cooled during machining? 5. What other machining methods have been developed lately? 6. What systems are used now for the manufacture of a range of products without the use of manual labor? 7. What parts can be made with lathes? 8. How can the cutting tool be moved on a lathe? 9. How is the workpiece clamped in a lathe? 10. Can we change the speeds of workpiece rotation in a lathe? 11. What is numerical control of machine tools used for?
Exercise 4.1. Find English equivalents in the text: 1. обрабатываемый материал 2. электропривод 3. более точный 4. отдельные детали 5. процесс массового производства 6. приспособления для держания резца и детали 7. операции по механической обработке детали 8. высоковольтный разряд 9. сверление ультразвуком 10. резание с помощью лазерного луча 11. гибкие производственные системы 12. детали круглого сечения 13. поворачивать деталь вокруг ее оси 14. двигать в сторону, двигать по направлению к детали 15. глубина резания 16. непрерывное вращение детали 17. движение резца вдоль станины Exercise 4.2. Translate into English: 1. Токарный станок позволяет производить детали круглого сечения. 2. Деталь зажимается в патроне или на планшайбе токарного станка. 3. Резец может двигаться как вдоль станины, так и под прямым углом к ней. 4. Современные токарные станки часто имеют цифровое управление. Text С: «MILLING MACHINE» In a milling machine thecutter (фреза) is a circular device witha series of cuttingedges on itscircumference. The workpiece is held on a table that controls the feed against the cutter. The table has three possible movements:longitudinal, horizontal, andvertical; in some cases it can also rotate. Milling machines are the mostversatile of all machine tools.Flat or contouredsurfaces may be machined with excellent finish and accuracy.Angles, slots, gear teeth and cuts can be made by using various shapes of cutters. Drilling and Boring Machines To drillahole usually hole-making machine-tools are used. They can drill a hole according to some specification, they canenlarge it, or they can cut threads for a screw or to create an accurate size or a smooth finish of a hole. Drilling machines (сверлильные станки) are different in size and function, fromportable drills to radial drilling machines, multispindleunits, automatic production machines, and deep-hole-drilling machines. Boring (расточка) is a process that enlarges holespreviously drilled, usually with a rotating single-point cutter held on a boring bar and fed against a stationary workpiece. Shapers and Planers The shaper (поперечно-строгальный станок) is used mainly to produce different flat surfaces. The toolslidesagainst the stationary workpiece and cuts on onestroke,returns to its starting position, and then cuts on the next stroke after a slightlateral displacement. In general, the shaper can make any surface havingstraight-line elements. It uses only one cutting-tool and is relatively slow, because the return stroke isidle. That is why the shaper is seldom found on a mass production line. It is, however, valuable for tool production and forworkshops where flexibility is important and relative slowness is unimportant. Theplaner (продольно-строгальный станок) is the largest of the reciprocating machine tools. It differs from the shaper, which moves a tool past a fixed workpiece because the planer moves the workpiece to expose a new section to the tool. Like the shaper, the planer is intended to produce vertical, horizontal, or diagonal cuts. It is also possible tomount several tools at one time in any or all toolholders of a planer toexecute multiple simultaneous cuts. Grinders Grinders (шлифовальные станки)remove metal by a rotating abrasivewheel. The wheel is composed of many small grains of abrasive,bonded together, with each grain acting as a miniature cutting tool. The process gives very smooth and accurate finishes. Only a small amount of material isremoved at eachpass of the wheel, so grinding machines requirefine wheel regulation. The pressure of the wheel against the workpiece is usually very light, so that grinding can be carried out onfragile materials that cannot be machined by otherconventional devices. Vocabulary: milling machine —фрезерный станок series — серия, ряд cutting edge — режущий край, острие circumference — окружность to feed— подавать longitudinal— продольный horizontal — горизонтальный vertical — вертикальный versatile — универсальный flat— плоский contoured — контурный angle— угол slot — прорезь, паз gear teeth— зубья шестерни drill — дрель, сверло, сверлить hole — отверстие to enlarge— увеличивать thread— резьба portable— портативный unit— единица, целое, узел previously — ранее to slide — скользить stroke— ход lateral — боковой displacement— смещение straight— прямой idle— на холостом ходу workshop — цех, мастерская to mount — крепить holder — держатель to execute— выполнять simultaneous — одновременный multiple — многочисленный grinder— шлифовальный станок wheel — круг, колесо bonded — скрепленный to remove — удалять pass— проход fine — точный conventional — обычный device — устройство, прибор fragile — хрупкий General understanding: 1. What is the shape of a cutter in a milling machine? 2. What moves in a milling machine, a table or a cutter? 3. What possible movements has the table of a milling machine? 4. What kind of surfaces and shapes may be machined by a milling machine? 5. What can we use a drilling machine for? 6. What kinds of drilling machines exist? 7. What is rotated while boring, a cutter or a work-piece? 8. Describe the work of a shaper (planer). 9. What must be done to execute multiple simultaneous cuts on a planer? 10. What is the working tool in a grinder? 11. Can we obtain a very smooth surface after grinding and why? 12. Can we grind fragile materials and why? Exercise 4.3. Translate into English: 1. Токарный станок все еще остается самым важным станком. 2. Все современные токарные станки оборудованы электроприводами. 3. Движение инструмента контролируется с высокой точностью. 4. Электропривод позволяет обрабатывать заготовку на различных скоростях. Text D: «DIES» Dies are tools used for the shaping solid materials, especially those employed in the pressworking of cold metals. In presswork, dies are used in pairs. The smaller die, orpunch, fits inside the larger die, called thematrix or, simply, the die. The metal to be formed, usually a sheet, is placed over the matrix on the press. The punch is mounted on the press and moves down by hydraulic or mechanical force. A number of different forms of dies areemployed for different operations. The simplest arepiercing dies(пробивной штамп), used forpunching holes. Bending and folding diesare designed to make single or compound bends. A combination die is designed to perform more than one of the above operations in one stroke of the press. A progressive die permits successive forming operations with the same die. In coining, metal is forced to flow into twomatchingdies, each of which bears a engraved design. Wiredrawing Dies In the manufacture ofwire, a drawplate (волочильная доска) is usuallyemployed. This tool is a metal plate containing a number of holes, successively less in diameter and known as wire dies. A piece of metal is pulled through the largest die to make acoarse wire. This wire is then drawn through the smaller hole, and then the next, until the wire is reduced to the desired measurement. Wiredrawing dies are made from extremely hard materials, such as tungsten carbide or diamonds. Thread-Cutting Dies For cuttingthreads on bolts or on the outside of pipes, a thread-cutting die (резьбонарезная плашка) is used. It is usually made ofhardened steel in the form of a round plate with a hole in the centre. The hole has a thread. To cut anoutside thread, the die islubricated with oil and simplyscrewed onto an unthreaded bolt or piece of pipe, the same way anut is screwed onto a bolt. The corresponding tool for cutting aninside thread, such as that inside anut, is called atap (метчик). Vocabulary: chip— стружка sharp — острый friction — трение content — содержание range — диапазон inexpensive — недорогой to permit — позволять, разрешать common — обычный tungsten — вольфрам ingredient — ингредиент diamond — алмаз tips — наконечники ceramic — керамический truing — правка, наводка, заточка die — матрица, штамп matrix — матрица to employ — применять to pierce — протыкать, прокалывать to punch — пробивать отверстие matching — сочетающийся, парный coarse — грубый wire — проволока to draw — тащить, волочить thread — резьба hardened — закаленный to lubricate — смазывать to screw — привинчивать nut — гайка outside — наружный, внешний inside — внутри, внутренний Exercise 4.4. Find English equivalents in the text: 1. удалять металлическую стружку 2. острый режущий край 3. содержание углерода 4. режущая способность 5. сталь для скоростного резания 6. правка шлифовальных кругов 7. гидравлическое или механическое давление 8. различные формы штампов
Exercise 4.5. Translate the following sentences into Russian: 1. Все резцы и фрезы должны иметь острую режущую кромку. 2. Во время резания режущий инструмент и деталь имеют высокую температуру и должны охлаждаться. 3. Углеродистые стали часто используются для изготовления резцов потому, что они недорогие. 4. Быстрорежущие стали содержат вольфрам, хром и ванадий. 5. Алмазы используются для резания абразивных материалов и чистовой обработки поверхности твердых материалов. 6. Для различных операций используют различные штампы. 7. Волочильные доски для проволоки делаются из очень твердых материалов. 8. Резьбонарезные плашки и метчики используются для нарезки резьбы снаружи и внутри. |
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