The Classification Worked out by Prof. I.V. Arnold

The third classification is also structural. A set expression functioning in speech is equivalent in distribution to definite classes of words or to complete sentences. Therefore I.V. Arnold differentiates set expressions into:

1) nominal phrases;

2) verbal phrases;

3) adjectival phrases;

4) adverbial phrases;

5) prepositional phrases;

6) conjunctional phrases;

7) interjectional phrases.

The classification takes into consideration not only the type of component parts but also the functioning of the whole.

Within each class a further subdivision is given.

The Classification suggested by Prof. B.A. Larin

This classification of phraseological units we are going to discussis based on their origin, on the way of their formation, i.e. on the etymological principle. The phraseological unit originates as a free combination. The second stage is a metaphorical phrase. The third stage is that of an idiom with lost motivation.

Idioms are very interesting from the point of view of their origin. The origin of some of them can be understood if we know a whole legend or a story.

The Classification by Prof. A.V. Koonin

It is very interesting and complete. He tried to take into consideration all aspects of phraseological units in his classification: their structure, function semantic peculiarities, the level of stability, although the main attention was paid to semantic and structural aspects. It is a very large and detailed classification called 'structural-semantic' by A.V Koonin.

All phraseological units are divided by A.V. Koonin into four large structural classes:

1) nominative phraseological units,

2) nominative-communicative phraseological units,

3) interjectional and modal phraseological units,

4) communicative phraseological units.

Each class is divided into subclasses and they are mostly divided into yet further groups and subgroups.

This classification enriches the treasury of theoretical under­standing of phraseology. It allows us to see this complicated linguis­tic phenomenon from a new point of view, from new sides and to understand it much deeper.

Список литературы и сетевых источников

1. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учебное пособие / И.В. Арнольд. – М.: Флинта, 2012. – 377с. // http://www.bibliorossica.com/book.html?currBookId=6969&ln=ru&search_query=%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0

2. Алефиренко Н.Ф. Теория языка: вводный курс: учеб. пособие для студ, вузов / Н. Ф. Алефиренко. – 4-е изд., стер.. – М.: Академия, 2010. – 384 с.

3. Бабич Г.Н. Lexicology: A Current Guide. Лексикология английского языка [Электронный ресурс]: Уч. пособ. / Г. Н. Бабич. – 5-е изд. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2010. – 200 с.

4. Гвишиани Н. Б. Современный английский язык. Лексикология = Modern English studies. Lexicology: учебное пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлению 031000 и специальности 031001 – Филология: по специальности 033200 (050303) – Иностранный язык / Н. Б. Гвишиани. – 2-е изд., стер.. – М.: Академия, 2009. – 218 с.

5. Прохорова Н.М. Lecture on English Lexicology: Учебник / Н.М. Прохорова. – Красноярск: РИО КГПУ, 2003. – 208 с.

http://itools.com/tool/cambridge-international-dictionary-of-idioms

http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/idioms/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix

http://www.etymonline.com/

Лекция 11.

PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

Список вопросов

Proverbs.

Sayings

Familiar quotations

Список терминов и определений

1.A proverb is a short familiar saying expressing popular wisdom, a truth or a moral lesson in a concise and imaginative way, e.g. the devil is not so black as he is painted; the best is oftentimes the enemy of the good; if you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have; true blue will never stain; as the call, so the echo; as a tree falls so shall it lie; a danger foreseen is half avoided; what we do willingly is easy; don't trouble troubles until troubles trouble you; where there is a will there is a way; there is no use crying over spilt milk; too many cooks spoil the broth; a stitch in time saves nine.

2. A saying is a sententious remark to the situation: e.g. more haste than speed; the last straw; more praise than pudding; by hook by crook.

3. Familiar quotations (крылатые слова и выражения) are different from proverbs and sayings in their origin. They come from literature, they have their authors. By and by, they become a part ofthe language, so that some people using them do not even know that they are quoting.

Cодержание лекции

Proverbs.

Proverbs have much in common with other phraseological units because the lexical components of proverbs are also constant, their meaning is traditional and mostly figurative, and they are introduced into speech ready-made. That is why some scholars following V.V. Vinogradov think that proverbs must be studied together with other phraseological units. Others, like J. Casares and N.N. Amosova, think that unless they regularly form parts of other sentences, it is wrong to study them together with other phraseological units.

These days, however, proverbs and sayings are considered by most scholars as a part of phraseology. The reasons are as follows: 1) whether phraseological units are independent sentences or parts of sentences is not important; 2) although in many proverbs the meaning of words does not differ from the meaning of the same words in free word combinations, we consider these proverbs phraseological units form the basis that there are other phraseological units – word-combinations in which the meanings of the components do not differ

from the meanings of the same words in free word-combinations, i.e. the meanings are direct, not figurative, not transferred; 3) another reason why proverbs must be taken into consideration together with other phraseological units is that proverbs form the basis of other phraseological units: e.g. the last straw breaks the camel's back – the last straw; a drowning man will clutch at a straw – to clutch at a straw.

As you see, proverbs can be shortened. The shortened forms exist side by side with the full forms and in most cases have the name meaning: e.g. 'the last straw' has the same meaning as in the proverb 'The last straw breaks the camel's back'; the proverb 'Birds of a feather flock together' can be shortened to 'birds of a feather' which preserves the meaning as it is in the proverb. But there are cases when the shortened form changes its meaning and is different from the meaning in the full form of the proverb: e.g. Every cloud has a silver lining. The shortened form 'silver lining' has the meaning 'a ray of hope'.

The shortened forms of proverbs are referred to sayings.

Sayings

Sayings can be both word-combinations and sentences. Unfortunately the terms 'proverb' and 'saying' are not defined properly up to day in linguistics, sometimes they are even mixed as in everyday speech. We have taken the approach to the discrimination of 'proverb' and 'saying' from the works by G.L. Permyakov.

Familiar quotations

Familiar quotations (крылатые слова и выражения) are different from proverbs and sayings in their origin. They come from literature, they have their authors. By and by, they become a part ofthe language, so that some people using them do not even know that they are quoting.

The Shakespearian quotations have become and remain extremely numerous. They are, as quotations of other authors, a part of the English vocabulary. As for their number they take the first place among familiar quotations in the English language, e.g.: a man more sinned against than sinning ('King Lear'); uneasy lies the head that wears a crown ('Henry IV'); give every man thy ear, but few thy voice ('Hamlet'); brevity is the soul of wit ('Hamlet').

With the exception of Shakespeare, no poet has given more of his lines than Alexander Pope to the common vocabulary of the English-speaking world, e.g.: a little learning is a dangerous thing; at every word a reputation dies; who shall decide when doctors disagree?

In Russian, there is also a rich heritage of familiar quotations from Russian literature. Suffice it to remind some of them: А судьи кто? Карету мне, карету! Что будет говорить княгиия Марья Алексеевна? Где оскорбленному есть чувству уголок? Счастливые часов не наблюдают. В мои года не должно сметь свое суждение иметь. (А.С. Грибоедов); Мошенник на мошеннике сидит и мошенником погоняет (Н.В. Гоголь); Мы все учились понемногу чему-нибудь и как-нибудь, так просвещеньем, слава богу, у нас не мудрено блеснуть (А.С. Пушкин); Может, тебе и ключ от квартиры, где деньги лежат? Я старый, меня девушки не любят. Почем опиум для народа? Лед тронулся, господа присяжные заседатели! Мне моя жизнь дорога как память. (И. Ильф и Е. Петров) and many, many others.

Список литературы и сетевых источников

1. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учебное пособие / И.В. Арнольд. – М.: Флинта, 2012. – 377с. // http://www.bibliorossica.com/book.html?currBookId=6969&ln=ru&search_query=%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0

2. Алефиренко Н.Ф. Теория языка: вводный курс: учеб. пособие для студ, вузов / Н. Ф. Алефиренко. – 4-е изд., стер.. – М.: Академия, 2010. – 384 с.

3. Бабич Г.Н. Lexicology: A Current Guide. Лексикология английского языка [Электронный ресурс]: Уч. пособ. / Г. Н. Бабич. – 5-е изд. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2010. – 200 с.

4. Гвишиани Н. Б. Современный английский язык. Лексикология = Modern English studies. Lexicology: учебное пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по направлению 031000 и специальности 031001 – Филология: по специальности 033200 (050303) – Иностранный язык / Н. Б. Гвишиани. – 2-е изд., стер.. – М.: Академия, 2009. – 218 с.

5. Прохорова Н.М. Lecture on English Lexicology: Учебник / Н.М. Прохорова. – Красноярск: РИО КГПУ, 2003. – 208 с.

http://www.englishclub.com/ref/Sayings/

http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/proverbs.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/keywords/familiar.html

Лекция 12.