Категории: ДомЗдоровьеЗоологияИнформатикаИскусствоИскусствоКомпьютерыКулинарияМаркетингМатематикаМедицинаМенеджментОбразованиеПедагогикаПитомцыПрограммированиеПроизводствоПромышленностьПсихологияРазноеРелигияСоциологияСпортСтатистикаТранспортФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияХоббиЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника |
Функции причастия в предложении и способы переводаParticiple Причастие является неличной формой глагола, в которой сочетаются признаки прилагательного или наречия с признаками глагола. Существуют два вида причастий: Participle I и Participle II. Таблица форм причастий
Функции причастия в предложении и способы перевода
Ex.1 A Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element known. 2. The technique employed uses a single probe. 3. The quantity of electricity flowing is directly related to the amounts of material transformed at the electrodes. 4. Everything depends on the proportion of the two substances being distilled. 5. Simultaneous translation provided at the conference was excellent. 6. For further details the reader is referred to the paper presented by Brown. 7. We are going to study mechanisms underlying photosynthesis. 8. The knowledge gained on the subject during the past decade is rather important. 9. The calculation depends on the peculiar laws governing the inside of a molecule.
В При переводе следующих предложений соблюдайте порядок слов, свойственный русскому языку (начиная со сказуемого): 10. Fresh discoveries may be made throwing a valuable light on the true forms of molecules. 11. Evidence was found indicating that there were large potential irregularities in the energy level throughout the crystal. 12. An equation has been developed describing the depolarization of the fluorescence. 13. A theory is presented taking into account the angular distribution of the scattered light.
С Сопоставление причастия II с Past Indefinite Active глаголов, у которых эти формы совпадают (типаinvited, sent, made и др.): 14. The substance obtained contained some admixtures. 15. Every body located on earth is pulled downwards by the earth. 16. The nucleus formed by the emission of the gamma-ray may be unstable. 17. The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant. 18. All the isotopes now produced by reactors can also be made in a cyclotron. 19. Our attention will be focused on comparative methods applied by different sciences.
D Особенность перевода определительных оборотов со страдательными причастиями, образованными от глаголов, которым в русском языке соответствуют глаголы непереходные или принимающие предложное дополнение: В русском языке глаголы, принимающие предложное дополнение (типа говорить о чем-либо, отвечать на (вопрос), не имеют формы причастий страдательного залога. Поэтому английские причастные обороты, образованные от таких глаголов, переводятся на русский язык определительными придаточными предложениями, начинающимися с соответствующего предлога: This is the book so much spoken about. Вот книга, о которой так много говорят. Numerous questions answered by the speaker were related to Plasma Physics. Многочисленные вопросы, на которые отвечал докладчик, относились к физике плазмы. Особую трудность представляет перевод причастий II от глагола follow, поскольку он имеет несколько значений. 1) Следовать за кем-, чем-либо: The lecture followed by a demonstration of an experiment took place in the new classroom. Лекция, за которой последовал показ опыта, была в новой аудитории. Примечание. Возможен более свободный перевод: Precipitation followed by titration gives... Осаждение, за которым следует титрование, дает... Осаждение с последующим титрованием дает... 2) Следовать (совету), придерживаться (теории, метода, направления и пр.): The method followed by our professor was simple. Метод, которого придерживался наш профессор, был простым. 3) Наблюдать (следить) за кем-, чем-либо: The movement followed through the microscope was zigzag. Движение, за которым наблюдали в микроскоп, было зигзагообразным. Примечание. Following может быть предлогом со значеним вслед за: Smith following Brown studied fluorescence. Смит вслед за Брауном (после Брауна) изучал флуоресценцию. Форма followed с последующим предлогом by может переводиться впоследствии и: Smith followed by Brown studied fluorescence. Смит, а впоследствии и Браун изучали флуоресценцию. Refer означает: ссылаться (на работу, данные и пр.); говорить ( о свойствах, явлениях и пр.); приводить (данные, цифры и т.д.); отсылать (читателя) к (справочнику, таблицам и пр.); относить к чему-либо, упоминать: The paper referred to is... Статья, на которую ссылаются, ... The phenomenon already referred to is... Явление, о котором уже говорилось (которое уже упоминалось, отмечалось), ... E 20. The terms insisted upon are difficult to fulfil. 21. Roentgen chanced to observe some rays uninfluenced by any magnetic field. 22. Recrystallization followed by extraction gave good results. 23. The method followed by A. G. Webster was accurate. 24. The data referred to in this paper are quite reliable. 25. The common feature of acids is the acidic hydrogen already referred to. 26. Let us suppose we have an electron of mass m acted upon by a force, say /, and given thereby an acceleration, say a. 27. The pattern referred to earlier is due to irregular distributions of crystals. Сопоставление перевода определительных оборотов с причастием I действительного залога с переводом определительных оборотов с причастием II: F 28. The substance affected by a magnetic field was a metal. 29. The substance affecting a magnetic field was metallic. 30. Cooling following heating gave good results. 31. Cooling followed by heating gave good results. 32. The procedure followed by this investigator was proposed by Smith. 33. The scientist following this procedure investigated some phenomena of radioactivity. 34. The phenomenon influencing the rate of the reaction was thoroughly investigated. 35. The discovery of unknown rays uninfluenced by a magnetic field was reported by Roentgen. 36. The paper on heat conduction of gases followed by the report on diffusion was presented by Dr. Lewes. 37. The paper on heat conduction of gases following the report on diffusion was presented by Dr. Lewes. 38. Still other arguments have already been produced in studies following quite a different line. 39. Here we shall outline the basic approach followed in each of these formulations. 40. The period following Fresnel's death was characterized by the gradual triumph of his ideas. 41. The discussion of reversible reactions, involving acids, hydroxides and salts in aqueous solution is discussed in subsequent chapters following the study of the nature of individual particles in such solutions. 42. Galileo, following Copernicus, believed the Earth to move round the Sun and rotate round its axis. 43. Young, followed by Fresnel, showed that under these conditions light does in fact present phenomena of interference. 44. Following these early discoveries, a great many alloys have been discovered. Ex.2 1. Reacting with a base an acid gives rise to a salt and water. 2. Having been warmed to 0° (zero) ice began to melt. 3. Having evaluated the data we shall next turn to their interpretation. 4. Having given an indication of the methods used in this type of analysis we must now mention some of the earlier results. 5. Mercury (Hg) is used in barometers, having a great specific gravity. 6. The iodine ion is easily oxidized, being changed to free iodine by many agents. 7. In the B-family gold is the least active, being displaced from its solutions by either silver or copper. 8. Water is the most efficient agent, having a high heat transfer coefficient and a high heat capacity.
Дайте несколько возможных вариантов перевода причастных оборотов в функции обстоятельства: 9. When calculating the weight of a body we have to multiply its specific gravity by its volume. 10. The acceleration of a body when falling is constant. 11. When falling the more massive bodies have more inertia to overcome. 12. If represented by arrows the forces can be easily computed. 13. Once started the plate current is no longer affected by the grid voltage. 14. Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature. 15. It is a matter of common experience that water expands when freezing. 16. When dealing with gases it is common practice to consider them under a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Независимый причастный оборот (абсолютная причастная конструкция)
В независимом причастном обороте перед причастием стоит существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в именительном падеже. Это существительное или местоимение является субъектом действия, выраженного причастием, и не совпадает с подлежащим. Независимый причастный оборот отделяется от главной части предложения запятой. Переводится обстоятельственным придаточным предложением с союзами так как, после того как, когда, если и др. или самостоятельным предложением с союзами а, и, причем. Mу colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself. Так как мой товарищ по работе отсутствовал, мне пришлось самому принять решение. Weather permitting, the astronomer will proceed with his observation. Если погода позволит, астроном продолжит свои наблюдения. The signal given, the rocket starts immediately. Когда (как только) дается сигнал, ракета сразу взлетает. The astronomer proceeded with his observation, the sky having cleared. Астроном продолжал наблюдение после того, как (так как) небо прояснилось. There being many people in the conference hall, we could not enter it. Так как в зале было много народу, мы не могли войти. The sodium atom has eleven electrons, the eleventh one occupying a position outside of the second shell. У атома натрия одиннадцать электронов, причем одиннадцатый занимает положение за пределами второй оболочки. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us. Мы продолжали свою работу, а наши лаборанты помогали нам Ex.3 A 1. The electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter being about 10-12 cm. 2. Silver being very expensive, we only rarely use it as a conductor. 3. Radioactivity discovered, we made great progress in atomic physics. 4. The square of any number being positive, the square root of a negative number is imaginary. 5. Acids react with oxides of all the metals, a salt and water being formed. 6. Hydrogen consisting of discrete particles is a molecule, each one made up of 2 hydrogen atoms. 7. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods. 8. Water being denser than air, rays are refracted towards the perpendicular. 9. Other liquids being too light, a barometer uses mercury. 10. Other things being equal, the efficiency is less in irreversible cyclic processes.
B 11. Hydrogen atoms are lighter than those of any other elements; those of the rare gas helium are the next, each of them weighing about four times as much as a hydrogen atom. 12. As the wavelength of such waves decreases they become more penetrating, gamma-rays being able to travel through as much as one foot of iron. 13. The atoms break up in a perfectly ordered fashion, independent of imposed conditions so far as is known, each atom yielding a new atom, with the emission of the energy difference between the new state and the old. 14. The radioactive sulphur may be added to sulphite and then removed, the resulting sulphite containing little or no radioactive sulphur. 15. Solid NO3F at liquid-air temperatures is violently and dangerously explosive, little or no shock being sufficient to set it off. 16. Some of the reactions of nitrous acid with reducing agents have been studied with care, such being the case, for example, with arsenous acid. 17. Sulphur trioxide reacts with some solid halides to liberate the free halogen, this being especially the case with iodides. 18. Other things being equal, we should expect lines from elements in relatively large amounts to be the more prominent. 19. There being no atmosphere, the lunar surface is exposed to direct sunlight. 20. The Moon is mainly responsible for the tides on the Earth, with the Sun also assisting simply by its direct attraction of the water. 21. We have not one but many potential surfaces, with no reasonably exact way of calculating the configuration of even the simplest.
Ex.4 1. The electric field between the plates being altered, particles of a different velocity may be selected for study. 2. The metalsjbeing electrical conductors will make very suitable electrodes. 3. The properties of the phosphides of heavy metals being like those of alloys, they can easily be mixed with other metals or alloys. 4. Natural gas is composed chiefly of methane, a compound of carbon and hydrogen having the formula СH4. 5. The electricity is carried exclusively by the electrons, the atomic nuclei remaining stationary. 6. The valency of radium being taken as equal to 2 from its similarity to barium, its atomic weight appeared to be about 226. 7. In English books, the forces acting on beams and other structures are often expressed in kips, one kip being equal to 100 Ib. 8. It is frequently said that the atom is a sort of miniature solar system, with its electrons orbiting about the nucleus as the planets orbit around the Sun. 9. The conductivity depends on the number of ions present, the substance being more ionized in dilute solution. 10. The atmosphere always contains some moisture, the amount varying not only from day to day, but from hour to hour. 11. Consider a large number of wave trains, each of infinite length, but differing slightly from one another in wavelength and velocity. Participle Причастие является неличной формой глагола, в которой сочетаются признаки прилагательного или наречия с признаками глагола. Существуют два вида причастий: Participle I и Participle II. Таблица форм причастий
Функции причастия в предложении и способы перевода
Ex.1 A Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия 1. Hydrogen is the lightest element known. 2. The technique employed uses a single probe. 3. The quantity of electricity flowing is directly related to the amounts of material transformed at the electrodes. 4. Everything depends on the proportion of the two substances being distilled. 5. Simultaneous translation provided at the conference was excellent. 6. For further details the reader is referred to the paper presented by Brown. 7. We are going to study mechanisms underlying photosynthesis. 8. The knowledge gained on the subject during the past decade is rather important. 9. The calculation depends on the peculiar laws governing the inside of a molecule.
В При переводе следующих предложений соблюдайте порядок слов, свойственный русскому языку (начиная со сказуемого): 10. Fresh discoveries may be made throwing a valuable light on the true forms of molecules. 11. Evidence was found indicating that there were large potential irregularities in the energy level throughout the crystal. 12. An equation has been developed describing the depolarization of the fluorescence. 13. A theory is presented taking into account the angular distribution of the scattered light.
С Сопоставление причастия II с Past Indefinite Active глаголов, у которых эти формы совпадают (типаinvited, sent, made и др.): 14. The substance obtained contained some admixtures. 15. Every body located on earth is pulled downwards by the earth. 16. The nucleus formed by the emission of the gamma-ray may be unstable. 17. The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant. 18. All the isotopes now produced by reactors can also be made in a cyclotron. 19. Our attention will be focused on comparative methods applied by different sciences.
D Особенность перевода определительных оборотов со страдательными причастиями, образованными от глаголов, которым в русском языке соответствуют глаголы непереходные или принимающие предложное дополнение: В русском языке глаголы, принимающие предложное дополнение (типа говорить о чем-либо, отвечать на (вопрос), не имеют формы причастий страдательного залога. Поэтому английские причастные обороты, образованные от таких глаголов, переводятся на русский язык определительными придаточными предложениями, начинающимися с соответствующего предлога: This is the book so much spoken about. Вот книга, о которой так много говорят. Numerous questions answered by the speaker were related to Plasma Physics. Многочисленные вопросы, на которые отвечал докладчик, относились к физике плазмы. Особую трудность представляет перевод причастий II от глагола follow, поскольку он имеет несколько значений. 1) Следовать за кем-, чем-либо: The lecture followed by a demonstration of an experiment took place in the new classroom. Лекция, за которой последовал показ опыта, была в новой аудитории. Примечание. Возможен более свободный перевод: Precipitation followed by titration gives... Осаждение, за которым следует титрование, дает... Осаждение с последующим титрованием дает... 2) Следовать (совету), придерживаться (теории, метода, направления и пр.): The method followed by our professor was simple. Метод, которого придерживался наш профессор, был простым. 3) Наблюдать (следить) за кем-, чем-либо: The movement followed through the microscope was zigzag. Движение, за которым наблюдали в микроскоп, было зигзагообразным. Примечание. Following может быть предлогом со значеним вслед за: Smith following Brown studied fluorescence. Смит вслед за Брауном (после Брауна) изучал флуоресценцию. Форма followed с последующим предлогом by может переводиться впоследствии и: Smith followed by Brown studied fluorescence. Смит, а впоследствии и Браун изучали флуоресценцию. Refer означает: ссылаться (на работу, данные и пр.); говорить ( о свойствах, явлениях и пр.); приводить (данные, цифры и т.д.); отсылать (читателя) к (справочнику, таблицам и пр.); относить к чему-либо, упоминать: The paper referred to is... Статья, на которую ссылаются, ... The phenomenon already referred to is... Явление, о котором уже говорилось (которое уже упоминалось, отмечалось), ... E 20. The terms insisted upon are difficult to fulfil. 21. Roentgen chanced to observe some rays uninfluenced by any magnetic field. 22. Recrystallization followed by extraction gave good results. 23. The method followed by A. G. Webster was accurate. 24. The data referred to in this paper are quite reliable. 25. The common feature of acids is the acidic hydrogen already referred to. 26. Let us suppose we have an electron of mass m acted upon by a force, say /, and given thereby an acceleration, say a. 27. The pattern referred to earlier is due to irregular distributions of crystals. Сопоставление перевода определительных оборотов с причастием I действительного залога с переводом определительных оборотов с причастием II: F 28. The substance affected by a magnetic field was a metal. 29. The substance affecting a magnetic field was metallic. 30. Cooling following heating gave good results. 31. Cooling followed by heating gave good results. 32. The procedure followed by this investigator was proposed by Smith. 33. The scientist following this procedure investigated some phenomena of radioactivity. 34. The phenomenon influencing the rate of the reaction was thoroughly investigated. 35. The discovery of unknown rays uninfluenced by a magnetic field was reported by Roentgen. 36. The paper on heat conduction of gases followed by the report on diffusion was presented by Dr. Lewes. 37. The paper on heat conduction of gases following the report on diffusion was presented by Dr. Lewes. 38. Still other arguments have already been produced in studies following quite a different line. 39. Here we shall outline the basic approach followed in each of these formulations. 40. The period following Fresnel's death was characterized by the gradual triumph of his ideas. 41. The discussion of reversible reactions, involving acids, hydroxides and salts in aqueous solution is discussed in subsequent chapters following the study of the nature of individual particles in such solutions. 42. Galileo, following Copernicus, believed the Earth to move round the Sun and rotate round its axis. 43. Young, followed by Fresnel, showed that under these conditions light does in fact present phenomena of interference. 44. Following these early discoveries, a great many alloys have been discovered. 12 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2016-06-10 lectmania.ru. Все права принадлежат авторам данных материалов. В случае нарушения авторского права напишите нам сюда... |