Всех специальностей заочной формы обучения

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания и контрольные задания

для студентов первого и второго курсов

Всех специальностей заочной формы обучения

Красноярск 2001

УДК 802.0 (072)

Издано при финансовой поддержке

Администрации Красноярского края

и Федеральной целевой программы «Интеграция»

Печатается по решению

Редакционно-издательского совета академии

Английский язык: Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов первого и второго курсов всех специальностей заочной формы обучения / Сост. С.В. Рыжова, Д.Е. Пожиленко, Т.Я. Степанова, В.А. Шишова, А.В. Теняева, Л.Б. Кулевская; ГАЦМиЗ, - Красноярск, 2001.-56с.

В методических указаниях даны предусмотренные вузовской программой 6 контрольных работ, которые включают задания по грамматике английского языка и тексты для письменного перевода. Контрольные работы предназначены для проверки знаний студентов.

Для студентов технических вузов.

© Красноярская государственная академия

цветных металлов и золота, 2001

СТРУКТУРА КУРСА

В соответствии с действующими учебными планами на полный курс обучения иностранному языку для заочных отделений вузов неязыковых специальностей отводится не менее 40 часов обязательных аудиторных занятий, 240 часов самостоятельной работы и консультации из расчета один час на каждого студента. За курс обучения студенту необходимо выполнить 6 контрольных работ, сдать 3 зачета и экзамен.

Студент ускоренной формы обучения имеет не менее 30 часов обязательных аудиторных занятий, 180 часов самостоятельной работы и консультации из расчета 0,5 часа на каждого студента в семестр. За курс обучения он выполняет 5 контрольных работ, сдает 2 зачета и экзамен.

Распределение учебных часов и заданий по семестрам

I курс (Iи II семестр): 20 часов аудиторных занятий, 120 часов самостоятельной работы и один час консультаций на каждого студента.

В I семестре студенту следует выполнить контрольную работу № 1, прочитать и перевести тексты учебника или специализированных учебных пособий и хрестоматий в объеме 4 страниц (6000 печатных знаков), прочитать и передать на русском языке содержание прочитанных текстов по профилю вуза в объеме 2 страниц (3000 печатных знаков).

Во II семестре ему нужно выполнить контрольные работы № 2, 3, прочитать и перевести тексты учебника в объеме 4 страниц (6000 печатных знаков), прочитать и передать на русском языке содержание прочитанных текстов по профилю вуза в объеме 3 страниц (4500 печатных знаков).

// курс(III и IV семестр): 20 часов аудиторных занятий, 120 часов самостоятельной работы и один час консультаций на каждого студента.

В III семестре студенту необходимо выполнить контрольные работы № 4, 5, прочитать и перевести тексты учебника в объеме 4 страниц (6000 печатных знаков), прочитать и передать на русском языке содержание прочитанных текстов по профилю вуза в объеме 2 страниц (3000 печатных знаков).

В IV семестре он должен сделать контрольную работу № 6, прочитать и перевести тексты учебника в объеме 4 страниц (6000 печатных знаков), прочитать и передать на русском языке содержание прочитанных текстов по профилю вуза в объеме 3 страниц (4500 печатных знаков). В конце I, II, III семестров студент сдает зачет, в конце IV семестра - экзамен.

Студенту ускоренной формы обучения следует выполнить в I семестре контрольные работы № 1, 2, во II семестре - № 3, 4, в III семестре - № 5. По чтению, переводу и передаче содержания текстов он выполняет задания I, II, и III семестров по программе, установленной для студентов полного курса обучения. В конце I и II семестров он сдает зачет, в конце III семестра - экзамен.

Выполнение контрольных заданий и оформление контрольных работ

Каждая контрольная работа состоит из пяти вариантов. Вы должны выполнить один вариант в соответствии с последними цифрами студенческого шифра (номера студенческого билета): студенты, шифр которых заканчивается на 1 или 2, выполняют вариант № 1; на 3 или 4 - № 2; на 5 или 6 - № 3; на 7 или 8 - №4; на 9 или 0 - №5.

Выполнять контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради необходимо написать свою фамилию, шифр, специальность и номер контрольной работы.

Контрольная работа должна выполняться чернилами, аккуратным четким почерком. При выполнении работы оставляйте широкие поля для замечаний, объяснений и методических указаний рецензента. Материал контрольной работы следует располагать в тетради на развороте по следующему образцу:

Контрольные работы должны быть выполнены в той последовательности, в какой они даны в настоящем пособии.

В каждом контрольном задании после текста для письменного перевода дается вопрос для понимания прочитанного. Этот вопрос и ответ на него надо полностью записать и перевести в тетради.

Выполненные контрольные работы направляются для проверки и рецензирования в академию в установленные сроки.

Если контрольная работа выполнена не в соответствии с указаниями и не полностью, она возвращается без проверки.

Перечень грамматических тем для контрольных работ

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задания, необходимо проработать по учебнику следующие разделы грамматики:

Контрольная работа № 1

1. Форма настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времени группы Indefinite действительного залога (active)

2. Имя существительное (падежи, образование множественного числа, функция определения).

3. Спряжения и функции глаголов to be, to have, to do

4. Обороты there is, there are.

5. Модальные глаголы.

Контрольная работа № 2

1. Времена группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) действительного залога (active).

2. Времена группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future) active.

Контрольная работа № 3

1. Пассивный (страдательный) залог - формы Indefinite (Simple), Continuous, Perfect.

2. Степени сравнения прилагательных.

Контрольная работа № 4

1. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения, обстоятельства, части сказуемого.

Контрольная работа № 5

1. Простые неличные формы глагола: Infinitive (неопределенная форма глагола) в функции а) подлежащего; б) составной части сказуемого; в) определения; г) обстоятельства цели.

2. Инфинитивные обороты, переводимые придаточными предложениями (Complex object, Complex subject)/

KOHTPOЛЬHAЯ PAБOTA № 1

ВАРИАНТ I

I. Образуйте множественное число следующих существительных:

a potato, a child, a girl, a mouse, a wife, a husband, a place, a foot.

ВАРИАНТ II

I. Образуйте множественное число следующих существительных:a deer, a city, a goose, a family, a box, a shelf, a swine, a dress.

II. Переведите на русский язык:

1. silk; a silk dress

2. a brick; a brick house

3. a film; a film star

4. cane; cane sugar

Marriage and Divorce

Marriages are not "arranged" in the United States. Young peo­ple are expected to find a husband or wife on their own; their parents do not help them. In fact, parents are frequently not told of marriage plans until the couple has decided to marry. This means that parents have little control, and generally not much influence, over whom their children marry. Americans believe that young people should fall in love and then decide to marry someone they can live happily with, again evidence of the importance of an individual's happiness. Of course, in reality this does not always happen, but it remains the ideal and it shapes the views of courtshipand marriage among young Americans.

Over the years the value placed on marriage itself is determined largely by how happy the husband and wife make each other. Happi­ness is based primarily on companionship. The majority of American women value companionship as the most important part of marriage. Other values, such as having economic support and the opportunity to have children, although important, are seen as less important.

ВАРИАНТ III

ВАРИАНТ IV

The Impact of Television

Commercial television is also criticized for corrupting the val­ues of Americans. The purpose of the entertainment programs, say critics, is nothing more than to get the attention of millions of Ameri­cans who will then watch the commercials which go with the pro­grams. To get and to hold this attention, many entertainment programs include a great deal of sex and violence. Critics believe that such pro­grams corrupt the morals of the American people and make them more violent in their behavior. The greatest concert of the critics is the negative effect of television sex and violence on the values and behav­ior of young people. Defenders of television say that they are only giving the American public what it wants. Only popular programs stay on television; others are quickly cancelled. Moreover, television offers a wide of entertainment, sports and news programs in the aver­age family's living room at a ,very low cost, Defenders of television also point out that, for more than a decade, viewers have had an alter­native to commercial television called public television.

ВАРИАНТ V

Science and Athletics

Since 1874, when world records for running were first kept sys­tematically, man has apparently learned to run faster. In 1874 the record for the mile was 4 minutes 46 seconds; now it is 3 minutes 53.6 seconds. According to an analysis by B. Lloyd, the record should come down to 3 minutes 41 seconds by the year 2000. Similar pro­gress has been achieved and forecast in other running events and re­cords have continually imported in the rest of athletics.

But how long can this improvement be maintained and at what levels will the human athletic performance eventually be reached?

Behind the improvements in performances is the understanding of the physiology of exercise which began to develop at the beginning of this century. When a muscle contracts and produces movement it is converting chemical energy into mechanical work. The chemical en­ergy it requires is obtained from the reaction in which glucose, derived from the body's food supply, is burnt in the muscle cell.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2

ВАРИАНТ I

ВАРИАНТ II

ВАРИАНТ III

ВАРИАНТ IV

ВАРИАНТ V

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3

ВАРИАНТ I

Wonders of the Modern World

by Ann Halliday

I don't believe that today's wonders are similar in kind to the wonders of the Ancient World. They were all buildings and statues. In the last two centuries we have seen unprecedented technical and scien­tific achievements. These are surely our modem wonders. Here is my list.

1. Computers.

They have already revolutionized the way we live and work. But it is early days for computers. We don't know how much they are changing the world. More computer wonders are yet to come.

2. Space Travel.

Only a few years before the men were walking on the Moon, reputable scientists declared that it was impossible. But in 1969 Neil Armstrong stepped out of his space capsule and made his famous statement: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."

3. Medical Science.

Surely nothing has done more for the comfort and happiness of mankind than the advance of medical knowledge! How many millions of people have benefited from the humble aspirin? How many lives has penicillin saved? Average life expectancy in Europe has risen dramatically over the last hundred years, from about 50 years in 1906 to about 75 years today.

4. The Olympic Games.

It's true that the Olympic Games are now commercialized and there is greed and drug abuse. However, it is a competition in which every country takes part. Every four years, for a brief moment, we see these countries come together in peace and friendship. We feel hope again for the future of mankind.

ВАРИАНТ II

Working Life in Britain

People in Britain are not different from people in other countries.

They work:

because they need money for food, housing and clothes;

because they want money to spend on leisure and luxuries;

because they are bored without any regular work to do;

because they enjoy the job they have.

Nowadays more and more Britons want to enjoy their work.

So they decide to work for themselves. They believe that their work will then be more satisfying. They run small businesses or become independent craftsmen. Some leave the city for the country where they hope to produce enough food to live on from a few acres of land.

It is sometimes said that British workers go on strike more often than workers in other countries. Of course the number of working days lost by strikes varies from year to year, but compared with other nations Britain's record is not the worst.

Do the British work hard when they are at work? Two different car manufacturers have different opinions:

Mersedes: "Our British mechanics work as well as those in Germany"

Ford: "Where they use identical machinery, workers in their Belgian and German plants will produce 1,5 to 2 times as many cars as workers in their British plants".

In 1973 the British government made new arrangements for helping people to find jobs. A nationwide organization was set up. It is called the Manpower Services Commission. It runs two agencies: the Employment Service Agency and the Training Service Agency.

ВАРИАНТ III

ВАРИАНТ IV

What is a Computer

The word "computer" is continually being used and it produces different reaction in different people. Most people know a bit about computers and have seen pictures of them in books and on television. Similarly, the microprocessor and the robot have received a lot of pub­licity. Computers are important and they have an important effect on people's lives.

There is the fear that computers will case large-scale unem­ployment and lead to a state where there is little privacy. Many people distrust computers and the way they are used. The future is certainly going to be affected by the use of computers, and, whether these fears are justified or not, learning about computers is essential. A computer can be either large or small, noisy or quiet, dull or exciting- The use of integrated circuits (on silicon chips) means that computers can, be made very small. Computers vary in size.

Computers themselves are absolutely quiet, but sometimes they use printers that make a lot of noise. Some people still think of com­puters as electronic brains or intelligent machines. To be intelligent a computer would have to think for itself, but no computer built so far can decide what it has to do. All computers are programmed to do their work by human beings.

ВАРИАНТ V

Living in the City

Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, it is often easier to find work, and there is usually a choice of public transport, so you don't need to own a car. Also, there are a lot of interesting things to do and to see. For example, you can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, and go to the theatre and to concerts. What is more, when you want to relax, you can usually find a park where can feed the ducks or just sit on a park bench and read a book.

However, for every plus there is a minus. For one thing, you might have a job, but unless it is very well - paid, you will not be able to afford many of the things that there are to do, because living in a city is often very expensive. It is difficult to find good cheap accom­modation. What is more, public transport is sometimes crowded and dirty, particularly in the rush hour, and even the parks can become very crowded. Last of all, despite all the crowds, it is still possible to feel very lonely in a city.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4

ВАРИАНТ I

I. Переведите следующие причастия на английский язык:

спрошенный – спрашивающий проведенный – проводящий

посланный – посылающий написанный – пишущий

забытый – забывающий изучаемый – изучающий

What His Life Was Worth

Robert Burns, the great Scottish poet, loved common people and wrote for them. Though he had little formal education, he was well-read and talented. He began to be recognized as a poet when his first poems were published in 1786. He was known as a very witty man.

One day when Burns was walking near the docks, he heard a cry for help. He ran towards the water. At that moment he saw a young sailor jump off a boat that stood near the dock. The sailor began to swim towards the man who was calling for help. Though it was not easy, the sailor saved the man.

The man who was saved from drowning was a very rich mer­chant. He thanked the brave sailor and gave him a shilling. The sailor was embarrassed.

A large crowd of people gathered round them. All the people considered the sailor to be a hero. They were displeased when the rich man gave the brave soldier only a shilling.

Many of the people shouted loudly and protested against it. But the rich merchant did not pay any attention to them.

At that moment Robert Burns approached the crowd and won­dered what the matter was. He was told the whole story

He was notsurprised at the behaviour of the rich merchant and said: "Let him alone. The gentleman is the best judge of what his life is worth".

common - простой

witty – остроумный

ВАРИАНТ II

I. Переведите следующие причастия на английский язык:

приглашенный – приглашающий начатый – начинающий

проданный – продающий купленный – покупающий

строящийся – строящий читаемый – читающий

A Sad Story

Three men came to New York for a holiday. They came to a very large hotel and took a room there¹. Their room was on the forty-fifth floor. In the evening the young man went to the cinema. When the film was over, they went to a restaurant and had supper there. They came back to the hotel very late.

"I am very sorry", said the clerk of the hotel, "but our lifts do not work at night. If you don't want to walk up into your room, you can sleep in the, half".

"No, no", said one of the three men, "no, thank you. We shall walk to our room". Then he said to his friends, "I think I know how to make it easy for us walk up to the forty-fifth floor. On our way to the room I'll tell some jokes, then you. Peter, will tell us some interesting stories".

So they began-to walk up to their room. At last they came to the thirty-fourth floor. They were very tired by that time, and they de­cided to have a rest. "Well", said Tom, "now it is you turn, Peter. Tell us a story with a sad end".

"I'll tell you a story", said Peter. "It will not be long, but it will be sad enough. Listen. We have left the key to our room in the hall downstairs.

It is your turn – ваша очередь

key – ключ

ВАРИАНТ III

I. Переведите следующие причастия на английский язык:

проданный – продающий разрезанный – режущий

приглашенный – приглашающий законченный – заканчивающий

написанный – пишущий посланный – посылающий

ВАРИАНТ IV

I. Переведите следующие причастия на английский язык:

горящий – сгоревший выбранный – выбираемый

падающий – упавший растущий – выросший

оставляющий – оставленный теряющий – потерянный

He Was Not Sure About It

A rich American went to Paris and bought a picture by a mod­ern artist. He had paid a lot of money for the picture, so he thought the picture was very good. He came to the hotel where he was staying and wanted to hang the picture. To his surprise he could not say what was the top and what was the bottom.

So he thought of a plan. He hung the picture in the dining-room and invited the artist to dinner. When the artist came, the American did not tell him anything about the picture. When they began to eat their soup, the artist looked at the picture many times. When they be­gan to eat their fish, he put on his glasses and looked at the picture again. When fruit was served, the artist got up and approached the pic­ture to look at it more closely. When they began to drink their coffee, the artist told the American that this picture was upside down.

The American was surprised and wondered why the artist had not told it to him at once.

The artist had to admit that he himself had not been sure about it at first. So the rich American left the picture on the wall as it was. He thought that nobody would notice that it was upside down.

to his surprised – к своему удивлению

upside down - "вверх ногами"

had to admit – вынужден был признать

top - (зд.) верх

bottom- (зд.) нижняя часть картины

ВАРИАНТ V

I. Переведите следующие причастия на английский язык:

читающий – прочитанный пишущий – написанный

посланный – посылающий переводящий – переведенный

купленный – покупающий проданный – продающий

The Experimental Method

Mr. Jones, a teacher of physics at a boys' school, was fond of the experimental method in physics and often told the boys to use this method as often as possible.

One day Mr. Jones came to school on a new bicycle which he had bought in London. The bicycle had a pair of pneumatic tyres. The pneumatic tyre had just been invented at that time, and none of the pupils had ever seen it.

At the physics lesson the teacher decided to show the pupils the new invention. He took them into the school yard and said: "Now, children, who can tell me what is there inside this tyre that makes it so hard and yet so elastic?".

The boys gathered round the bicycle and examined the tyres.

"Perhaps there is cotton-wool inside", said one of them.

"No, I think there must be a lot of steel springs inside", said another.

"You are both wrong", said Mr. Jones. Suddenly the third boy who was standing beside the bicycle cried out, looking very happy: "I know what it is. There's wind inside!"

Mr. Jones smiled and said: "Well, Tommy, that's fine indeed"! You are nearly right: there is air inside. But how did you find it out?"

"I used the experimental method", said the boy. "I stuck a nail into the tyre and some wind came out of it".

For the first time in his life Mr. Jones did not like the use of the experimental method

pneumatic – пневматический cotton wool - вата

tyre – шина spring – пружина

to invent – изобретать nail – гвоздь

inside – внутри stick (stuck, stuck) – воткнуть

elastic – эластичный

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 5

ВАРИАНТ I

ВАРИАНТ II

V. Переведите письменно текст.

Помните о переводе инфинитива и инфинитивных оборотов в зависимости от функции в предложении.

Places to see in London

There are many places in London which are connected with his­torical events, the famous British Museum and the Tower of London are among them.

We know many scientists to have spent much time in the read­ing-rooms of the British Museum, where the rich library gave them the possibility for extensive scientific study and research. Everybody praises the catalogue of the reading-room there. There are many halls to be visited there and in each there is a special collection of rare and valu­able objects. The British Museum is known to be wonderful place indeed.

To see the most interesting place in all the British Isles from the historical point of view, you should visit London Tower. It was known to be a palace and a fortress many years ago. Later we know it to be the most gloomy prison in the world. It covers 13 acres and looks like a series of connected castles, the ancient White Tower built by William the Conqueror being the largest one.

ВАРИАНТ III

V. Переведите письменно текст.

Помните о переводе инфинитива и инфинитивных оборотов в зависимости от функции в предложении.

Communication

When men began to live together in small communities, they saw that it was necessary to find ways of sending messages from one community to another.

There were several, different ways of communication in ancient time. Some societies used fire and smoke signals, but the most com­mon way was to use couriers. A courier was a man to run or ride very quickly between towns and villages and to carry the news.

The invention of the telegraph system was followed by invent­ing the telephone. The wireless telegraph and the_< radio came after the telegraph and the telephone.

The radio valve having been invented, it became possible to transmit speech, music and vision signals. This led to the development of broadcasting and television. The broadcasting of news is now an essential part of modern life. The word "television" has come to mean now not merely some device that enables us to see at a distance, but a new kind of art.

ВАРИАНТ IV

The Shorter the Better

A famous English doctor hated to hear his patients speak about their illnesses. He always asked them to be brief and to the point. Once a woman who had burnt her hand came to consult him. She did her best to be laconic. She showed the doctor her hand and said, "A bum."

"A compress, was the doctor's reply. The next day the woman came again and said, "Better." "The same," replied the doctor. A week later the woman came and asked, "Your fee?" "None," said doctor. "I'd like all my patients to be as sensible as you are, madam."

V. Переведите письменно текст.

Помните о переводе инфинитива и инфинитивных оборотов в зависимости от функции в предложении.

ВАРИАНТ V

V. Переведите письменно текст.

Помните о переводе инфинитива и инфинитивных оборотов в зависимости от функций в предложении.

The Open University

"The Open University" was up in 1967. -Most of its students work at home or in full-time jobs and can study only in their free time. They need to study about ten hours a week. As the university is truly "open", there are no formal entry requirements (none of the usual "A" Level examinations are asked for), and students are accepted on a "first come, first served" basis. This is one of the more revolutionary aspects of the university.

Returning to "school" is difficult for most students, for they have forgotten - or never knew - how to study, to write essays, and to prepare for exams. In addition to all the reading and writing assign-ments, students have got a lot of watching and listening to do, for there are weekly O.U. lectures broadcast on BBC television and radio.

To keep people from just giving up or collapsing under all this work, each student gets the help and support of his own tutor / coun­sellor, who he meets regularly and can telephone in any crisis or difficulty. The final mark is based on the exam and the written assign­ments done during the year.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №6

ВАРИАНТ I

ВАРИАНТ II

Crystals

Speaking about crystals one often imagines something beauti­ful, perfect and rare. In reality, however, practically all solid bodies around us are crystals. The exceptions are plants, animals, water and the atmosphere".

Till recently, crystallography was regarded as "the most dreary, the most difficult, and the most useless of sciences”. Today crystallog­raphy is one of the most important branches of natural science, rich in practical achievements, having deep philosophical content. It is closely related to mathematics.

By now several thousand inorganic and over five thousand or­ganic crystal structures have been studied.

Not long ago only X-rays* were used for structural analysis. And now the method of neutron diffraction has come into wide use in the field of crystal analysis.

Crystals offer a simple way for transforming one kind of energy into another, for instance, by using the action of light to obtain an electric effect, or to achieve optical effects by mechanical action. It is possible to illuminate a crystal with red light and make it emit green rays, In fact, in modern technology all the instruments that can emit energy are built around crystals.

Of special interest is research into the strength of crystals. All metals and alloys constitute a collection of variously placed tiny crys­tals. The more perfect the crystals, the higher the strength of the metal. This means that by special methods it is possible to obtain crystals of required strength.

II. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них. Переведите вопросы и ответы на русский язык.

1. What kinds of matter are not crystals?

2. What branch of science does crystallography belong to?

3. What science is crystallography closely related to?

4. What methods are used for crystal analisis?

5. What crystals do all metals all alloys cousist of?

ВАРИАНТ III

BAPHAHT IV

ВАРИАНТ V

Uses of Electricity

Electricity is the power that has made possible the engineering progress of today. Wherever we look around us, we can find this power serving us in some way.

When we use a switch and have our room instantly flooded with light, we seldom think of what is happening to make it possible.

Probably the most important use of electricity in the modern home is producing4ight.

The uses of electricity in the home do not end with lighting. There are more and more electric devices helping us in our home work.

But we should not forget that electricity is the most important source of energy in industry as well. A worker in a modern manufac­turing plant uses on the average in the machines which he operates over 10.000 kilovatthours of electrical energy a year. This means that he uses enough electrical energy to supply seven or eight modern homes during a year.

Automation, which is one of the main factors of technical pro­gress today, is impossible without electricity.

Our life can't be imagined without telephone, telegraph and radio communications. But it is also electricity that gives them life. In recent years electricity has made a great contribution to radio communication between the spaceships and also between the astronauts and the earth.

Little could be done in modern research laboratory without the aid of electricity. Nearly all of the measuring devices used in develop­ing nuclear power for the use of mankind are electrically operated.

II. Перепишите вопросы к тексту и письменно ответьте на них. Переведите вопросы и ответы на русский язык.

1. Why can we say that electricity has made possible the engi­neering progress of today?

2. Where is electricity used in the modern home?

3. How much electricity is used by a worker operating plant machines?

4. What means of communication cannot work without electricity?

5. What can be said about a modern research laboratory and electricity?

ТЕКСТЫ

ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ

Прочитайте и устно передайте на русском языке содержание прочитанного текста.

The Seasons

December, January and February are the winter months. In win­ter the days are short and the nights are long. English people try to spend more time indoors because out of doors it's cold. In December the sun rises about eight o'clock a.m. and sets about four o'clock p.m. Eight hours of daylight! It's so little!

Spring brings with it new life. The sky is blue. It's warm, the days become longer.

The summer moths are June, July and August. The weather in Great Britain is usually warm in summer. It is sometimes hot, but it is not often very hot. When the temperature is over eighty degrees Fahr­enheit (80° F) English people say that it is hot. When the temperature is about seventy degrees Fahrenheit (70° F), they say that it is warm. In the south of Europe the summer is usually very hot. It is always hot: in the South of Spain and in North Africa.

Oxford

No town in England, and, perhaps, no town anywhere, contains within, so small a space so much good architecture, covering so wide a period of history. Oxford owns almost all the buildings of extraordinary variety and charm to the University and its colleges.

The foreigner who visits Oxford sometimes asks "But where is University?" It is not an easy question to answer. Our visitor is thinking of the universities in his home country. Compact, square, self-contained buildings easily identified for what they are. In this case there is no “University" in Oxford. The nearest we have to it is the fine series of buildings that reaches from the eastern end of Broad Street, down Cattle Street, to the High Street. This is indeed the heart of Oxford. Thus there is no a single building as "the University". There is group of buildings.

The "University of Oxford is basically a federation of colleges. Adistinctive feature of the collegiate system is that the colleges are self-governing corporate bodies. There are thirty-four colleges. In ad­dition to the colleges there are also five Permanent Private Halls which are, like the colleges, independent societies.

The Entrance Examination consists of special subject papers, at least, one general paper and, in some subjects, translation papers. The examinations take place in late November or early December.

Great People in London

London has been the home of many famous Englishmen. Some were born there. Some lived there all their lives. Others lived in Lon­don only for a short time but all gave something to the great city.

One of the first names of importance is that of Geoffrey Chau­cer, the poet. He lived most of his life in London. His most famous work is "The Canterbury Tales". Chaucer held official posts in Lon­don and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

William Shakespeare also lived in London. He had lived there for more than twenty years. He acted at the Globe Theatre and wrote his play's in London.

But London's famous men were not only writers. Sir Christo­pher Wren, the architect, spent most of his life in London. He de­signed many beautiful churches, including St. Paul's Cathedral. He also designed palaces and fine houses.

Music is represented by a very interesting figure. This is George Frederick Handel. He came to London from Hanover in 1710. After some success and some failure he at last became famous. Lice Chaucer and many other great artists. Handel is buried in Westminster Abbey.

Another famous London figure is one of England's greatest seamen, Admiral Lord Nelson. He has a very special memorial in Tra­falgar Square. The monument consists of a very tall column. It is called the Nelson Column. On top of it the figure of Nelson stands. Equally famous is the general who led the army at the battle of Water­loo in 1815. This was the Duke of Wellington. His house stands at Hyde Park Corner. Like Admiral Nelson, the Duke of Wellington is buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.

Statistical Methods

All progressive knowledge in the modern world tends to preci­sion. Precision is obtained with the help of numbers. Consequently, the science which deals with numbers has a very vital role to play in the development of our civilization. This science is statistics.

The word "statistics" is used in two senses. One, when used in the plural, refers to a series of connected figures, and the other, when used in the singular, relates to that branch of applied mathematics which deals with the collection, classification and use of quantitative data. Quite a large number of definitions have been given to statistics -as a science. Different writers place emphasis on different aspects of the subject-matter of this science. One main reason for this disagree­ment has been the constant development of the scope of this science.

The collected statistical-material, which is influenced by nu­merous causes, has to be rendered easily intelligible, if it is to be used as a basis for judgement or action. In exact sciences like physics and chemistry the experimenter tries to disentangle complex causes by taking into account only the one with which he is concerned and keep­ing others aside. He can control the conditions in his laboratory. But in other sciences this is not possible. The experimental method fails. Conditions are not within the control of the observer. He has to take the data as they occur. We have to make use of some other methods for achieving their end. These are the methods of statistics. In order to get a clear picture out of the confusing mass of data, the latter have to be systematically collected, classified, tabulated, .summarised, compared and presented. These are called "statistical methods". They constitute definite rules of procedure in handling groups of data. A proper study of these principles forms the subject-matter of the "science of statistics".

Money

Money is indispensable in a society in which commodity' ex­change takes place. In commodity exchange money plays the role of a universal equivalent, that of a commodity expressing the value of all the other commodities.

Gold is the generally accepted money commodity. Because of its natural properties gold is the most convenient substance to carry out the social function of money. It can be easily broken into pieces and melted and "recombined" without any loss of value. It can also be kept safely as it does not become oxidized. In addition it has relatively small volume for its weight denoting a considerable value.

Money performs a number of functions. First of all, it serves as a measure of value; that is it is used to measure the value of all other commodities. Each commodity is sold for a certain sum of money, which expresses its value. The value of a commodity in terms of money is called its price.

Money is an ideal unit for expressing the value of all other commodities. What this means is that to measure the value of com­modities it is not necessary to have cash. As acts of sale and purchase (i.e. the exchange of commodities for money) are repeated many times, the seller and buyer mentally equate the commodity to a certain amount of money (or gold) corresponding to its value.

When commodities are exchanged with the aid of money, the latter also serves as a means of circulation. To perform this function money has to be real, not ideal. What is important is that anyone re­ceiving these symbols of value must be assured that they will be ac­cepted from him too, when he pays for other commodities. That is why states declare paper money to be legal tender.

Money also serves as a means of accumulation or a way of hoarding treasures. This function stems from the fact that money can buy any commodity. Therefore, money is a universal embodiment of wealth and a means of accumulating it. Taken out of circulation, how­ever, money becomes treasure only if it is gold, or money converted into articles of gold, silver and other precious metals or stones.

Money is not always in the form of cash. Sales and purchases are often made on credit.

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические указания и контрольные задания

для студентов первого и второго курсов

всех специальностей заочной формы обучения

Красноярск 2001

УДК 802.0 (072)

Издано при финансовой поддержке

Администрации Красноярского края

и Федеральной целевой программы «Интеграция»

Печатается по решению

Редакционно-издательского совета академии

Английский язык: Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов первого и второго курсов всех специальностей заочной формы обучения / Сост. С.В. Рыжова, Д.Е. Пожиленко, Т.Я. Степанова, В.А. Шишова, А.В. Теняева, Л.Б. Кулевская; ГАЦМиЗ, - Красноярск, 2001.-56с.

В методических указаниях даны предусмотренные вузовской программой 6 контрольных работ, которые включают задания по грамматике английского языка и тексты для письменного перевода. Контрольные работы предназначены для проверки знаний студентов.

Для студентов технических вузов.

© Красноярская государственная академия

цветных металлов и золота, 2001

СТРУКТУРА КУРСА

В соответствии с действующими учебными планами на полный курс обучения иностранному языку для заочных отделений вузов неязыковых специальностей отводится не менее 40 часов обязательных аудиторных занятий, 240 часов самостоятельной работы и консультации из расчета один час на каждого студента. За курс обучения студенту необходимо выполнить 6 контрольных работ, сдать 3 зачета и экзамен.

Студент ускоренной формы обучения имеет не менее 30 часов обязательных аудиторных занятий, 180 часов самостоятельной работы и консультации из расчета 0,5 часа на каждого студента в семестр. За курс обучения он выполняет 5 контрольных работ, сдает 2 зачета и экзамен.