Risk factors of occurrence of a mental pathology.

To factors which are capable to render modifying influence on current of mental diseases or act as predisposition to development of mental frustration, carry: age, a sex, the psychophysiological constitution of the person, geographical, meteorological and climatic factors.

The factor of age.

Its consideration as risk factor is connected to concept of the age periods of human life. Each person passes in the development the childhood, teenage age and pubertal period closely connected to it, the periods of a youth and a maturity, the involutional period, advanced age and an old age. For many endogenic diseases the certain age of their demonstration is characteristic. So, the Schizophrenia and a manic - depressive psychosis, as a rule, arise in the youthful period or the period of an early maturity. Occurrence of special clinical forms of depression and delirium (a involutional melancholy and involutional paranoid) associates with the involutional period. At elderly and senile age quite often are degenerate and vascular diseases of a brain.

The factor of a sex.

Though the majority of mental diseases meets approximately identical frequency at men and women, allocate separate nosological forms which probability of occurrence connect with a sex of the patient. So, oligophrenia and pathological variants of development in the childhood are marked at boys is more often. Typical presenile variants of Alcgeymer illness are observed at women in 5-8 times more often, than at men. Attacks of monopolar depression also are more characteristic for women (in 2-3 times more often).

Climatic and geographical factors.

The majority of mental diseases does not find out close connection with these factors. At the same time meteorological conditions can influence state of health and frequency of aggravations at patients with vascular diseases and with the craniocereberal trauma transferred in the past. At patients with epilepsy stay in a hot atmosphere can provoke occurrence of attacks. For lines of the endogenic psychoses seasonal aggravations during the autumn fnd spring period, not having precise communication with meteorological conditions are characteristic.

Symptoms and syndromes in psychiatry.

The symptom is the certain phenomenon repeating at different patients specifying a pathology, painful deviation from natural current of the mental processes, conducting to the disadaptation.

Symptoms are a basis of diagnostics. The basic diagnostic value of symptoms is realized through the syndromes formed from them. Thus symptoms differ depending on their position in structure of a syndrome.

Syndrome name a repeating combination of the symptoms closely connected among themselves by the general mechanisms of an origin and describing the current condition of the patient.

There is a basis to assume, that in a basis of syndromes the generality pathogeny symptoms lays. The syndrome is the major diagnostic category of psychiatry. Rather frequently the syndromal diagnosis allows to define necessary medical tactics quickly. The syndromal diagnosis characterizes the current condition of the patient. Therefore during illness it is possible to observe consecutive change of various syndromes at the same patient.

Allocate syndromes simple (small) and complex (big). Simple and complex syndromes define the various levels of mental frustration traditionally designated as a neurotic level of frustration ( a neurosis and apsychotic level of frustration - a psychosis). The border between the given levels is conditional, however it is supposed, that rough, strongly pronounced semiology - an attribute of a psychosis.

Asthenic syndrome.

Displays of the asthenia are extremely diverse, but always it is possible to find out such basic components of a syndrome, as expressed emaciation (fatigue), the raised irritability (hyperesthesia) and somatovegetative frustration. Almost constant display of the asthenia is infringement of dream. The asthenic syndrome is the most simple frustration, therefore attributes of the asthenia can enter into any more complex syndrome (depressive, psychoorganic). The asthenic syndrome is least specific from all mental frustration. It can meet almost at any mental disease, frequently appears at somatic patients.

Affective syndromes:

Depressive syndrome.

The clinical picture of a typical depressive syndrome can be described as a triad of symptoms: decrease in mood (oligothymia), delay of thinking (associative block) and impellent block. Decrease in mood is main attribute of depression.

Manic syndrome.

It is shown first of all by increase of mood, acceleration of thinking and psychomotor excitation. Reassessment of own abilities is observed. At excessive activity it is not possible to finish any of has put, as each time there are new ideas. Attempts to interfere realizations of their inclinations cause reaction of irritation, indignation (irascible mania).

Syndrome of the hallucinosis.

The hallucinosis is the rather seldom meeting syndrome, expressing that numerous hallucinations make the basic and practically unique display of a psychosis. As at the hallucinosis deceits of perception mention only one of analyzers, allocate its such kinds, as visual, acoustical (verbal), tactile, olfactory.

The paranoiac syndrome is primary interpretive delirium with a high degree of the ordering, described by plots of prosecution, jealousy, invention, sometimes hypochiondrial delirium, litigious, a material damage. Hallucinations at paranoiac syndrome are absent. Crazy ideas are formed not on the basis of perception mistakes, and owing of the paralogistic interpretation of the facts of the validity. The paranoiac syndrome tends to chronic current.

The paranoica syndrome.

Characteristic attribute of the paranoica syndrome is presence of hallucinations (is $more often than pseudo-hallucinations) alongside with the systematized ideas of prosecution.

The paraphrenic syndrome is a condition described by a combination of fantastic, ridiculous ideas of greatness, complacent or high spirits with mental automatism, delirium of influence and verbal pseudo-hallucinations. The patient it is peculiar not only fantastic treatment of events of present time, but also invented memoirs.

Convulsive syndromes:

The big convulsive attack is shown by suddenly arising deenergizing of consciousness with falling, characteristic change of the tonic and clonic spasmes and the subsequent full amnesia. Duration of an attack makes from 30 seconds till 2 minutes. Attributes of deenergizing of consciousness are loss of reflexes, reactions on extraneous stimulus, absence of painful sensitivity (coma).

Small attack is the short-term deenergizing of consciousness with the subsequent full amnesia. It is expressed that the patient stops the started action (for example, becomes silent in conversation); the look becomes "floating", meaningless; the person turns pale. In 1-2 seconds the patient comes to the senses and continues the interrupted action, not remembering anything about an attack. Spasmes and falling it is not observed.

Korsokov syndrome

The syndrome for the first time has been described in 1887 by S.S.Korsakovym as display of a specific alcoholic psychosis. Major of symptoms of the Korsokov syndrome is the fixing amnesia. Rough frustration of fixing prevents the patient to remember. The patient remembers nothing anything from the moment of occurrence of disease.

Syndromes of dementia:

Oligophrenia

Oligophrenia is underdevelopment of the mental functions owing to the reasons which existing till a birth of the child or have worked in the first years of his life. Oligophrenia is expressed that formation of the majority of functions of nervous system occurs to a significant delay, thus many important functions for adaptation are not formed in general. It is traditionally accepted to divide of the oligophrenia on a degree of expressiveness on idiocy, imbecility and moronity.

Dementia.

Dementia (dementia) is the got mental defect with primary frustration of intellectual functions. The attributes of the dementia are loss of the saved up abilities and knowledge, the general decrease in efficiency of mental activity, change of the person.