Topic 10. «Storage and transport of natural gas»

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1. Natural gas is transported by pipelines which are made from carbon steel.

2. Natural gas pipelines are impractical across oceans.

3. Natural gas trucks and carriers may transport natural gas directly to end-users, or to distribution points such as pipelines.

4. Liquefied natural gas is transported at high pressure by carriers and tank trucks.

5. Natural gas storage is a geological structure or artificial reservoir using for storage of gas.

6. Natural gas is often stored in underground depleted gas reservoirs.

7. Liquefied natural gas storage is carried out in a low-temperature tank.

8. Gas can be stored above ground in a gasholder at the pressure required in local gas mains.

9. Natural gas can be stored for an indefinite period of time in natural gas storage facilities for later consumption.

10. Natural gas storage plays a vital role for gas industry and it meets the demands of consumers.

Words and word combinations to the text:

storage – хранилище, хранение

store – накапливать, запасать

carrier – транспортное судно; перевозчик

tank-truck – автоцистерна

artificial reservoir – искусственный резервуар

depleted gas reservoir – истощенный коллектор газа

carry out – осуществлять, выполнять

low-temperature tank – низкотемпературный резервуар

vital – жизненный

meet the demands of consumers – отвечать требованиям потребителя

gasholder – газовый резервуар

gas mains – газовая магистраль

require – требовать

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Text 10: «Storage of natural gas».

The efficient and effective movement of natural gas from producing regions to consumption regions requires an extensive and elaborate transportation system. In many instances, natural gas produced from a particular well will have to travel a great distance to reach its point of use. The transportation system for natural gas consists of a complex network of pipelines, designed to quickly and efficiently transport natural gas from its origin, to areas of high natural gas demand. Transportation of natural gas is closely linked to its storage: should the natural gas being transported not be immediately required, it can be put into storage facilities for when it is needed.

Natural gas, like most other commodities, can be stored for an indefinite period of time. The exploration, production, and transportation of natural gas takes time, and the natural gas that reaches its destination is not always needed right away, so it is injected into underground storage facilities. These storage facilities can be located near market centers that do not have a ready supply of locally produced natural gas.

Traditionally, natural gas has been a seasonal fuel. That is, demand for natural gas is usually higher during the winter, partly because it is used for heat in residential and commercial settings. Stored natural gas plays a vital role in ensuring that any excess supply delivered during the summer months is available to meet the increased demand of the winter months. However, with the recent trend towards natural gas fired electric generation, demand for natural gas during the summer months is now increasing (due to the demand for electricity to power air conditioners and the like). Natural gas in storage also serves as insurance against any unforeseen accidents, natural disasters, or other occurrences that may affect the production or delivery of natural gas.

Natural gas storage plays a vital role in maintaining the reliability of supply needed to meet the demands of consumers. Historically, when natural gas was a regulated commodity, storage was part of the bundled product sold by the pipelines to distribution utilities. This all changed in 1992 with the introduction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) Order 636, which opened up the natural gas market to deregulation. Essentially, this meant that where natural gas storage was required prior to Order 636 for the operational requirements of the pipelines in meeting the needs of the utilities, it is now available to anyone seeking storage for commercial purposes or operational requirements. Storage used to serve only as a buffer between transportation and distribution, to ensure adequate supplies of natural gas were in place for seasonal demand shifts, and unexpected demand surges. Now, in addition to serving those purposes, natural gas storage is also used by industry participants for commercial reasons; storing gas when prices are low, and withdrawing and selling it when prices are high, for instance. The purpose and use of storage has been closely linked to the regulatory environment of the time.

"Petroleum engineering"

Экзаменационные вопросы по теме "Нефтегазовое дело".

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Petroleum is a very complex mixture of hydrocarbons.

What compounds does it contain?

Petroleum contains paraffin hydrocarbons, some naphthenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and asphaltic materials. It has compounds that contain oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen.

What is crude oil?

Crude oil is the oil that is not refined.