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Revision: Match the processes involved in the rock cycle with the definition and try to place them in the diagram. (R.P – 4.5, 4.6)
| 1. weathering | a. the process that converts a sediment into a sedimentary rock. |
| 2. erosion | b. the process by which the volume / thickness of sediment is reduced due to pressure of overlying layers of sediment. |
| 3. transportation | c. process that converts a solid into a liquid under temperature increase |
| 4. deposition | d. set of processes that cause physical and chemical changes in sediment after it has been deposited and buried under another layer of sediment. |
| 5. compaction | e. the process by which conditions within the Earth, below the zone of diagenesis, alter the mineralogical / chemical composition and structure of solid rock without melting it. |
| 6. cementation | f. the process by which particles of rock and soil are loosened, then transported elsewhere. |
| 7. diagenesis | g. temperature increase |
| 8. metamorphism | h. the movement of a particle from one location on the Earth’s surface to another. |
| 9. melting | i. the process by which exposure to atmosphere causes rocks and minerals to break down. This process takes place at / near the Earth’s surface. |
| 10. heating | j. the process by which sediment grains are bound together by precipitated minerals originally dissolved during the chemical weathering of preexisting rocks. |
| 11. lithification | k. accumulation of sediments by either physical / chemical sedimentation. |
3. READING COMPREHENSION
SCANNING: Earth’s building blocks (R.P – 4.2)
3.1.1 Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following minerals:
Which minerals have the same translation in both languages and which do not?
| hematite | magnetite |
| dolomite | halide |
| mica | fluorite |
| feldspar | halite |
| carbonate | hydroxide |
| quartz | limonite |
| asbestos | brucite |
| calcite | sulfate |
| aragonite | gypsum |
| galena | phosphate |
| silicate | apatite |
| oxide | monazite |
| sulfide | tungstate |
| pyrite | wolframite |
3.1.2 Find the information you need to complete the following diagram from the text below.
ROCK-FORMING MINERALS
| mineral |
| abundance |
| composition |
| examples |
Rocks are mixtures of minerals. Most rocks consist of interlocking crystals or grains stuck together by natural cement. A few dozen minerals provide the main ingredients for the most common rocks. Here are brief details of some rock-forming minerals.
1. Silicates are the chief rock-forming minerals. Most features a metal combined with silicon and oxygen. Examples: asbestos, mica, and feldspar.
2. Carbonates, the second most abundant group of minerals, include carbon, oxygen and one or more metals. Examples: calcite, dolomite and aragonite.
3. Sulfides are compounds of sulfur and one or more metals. Examples: galena and pyrite.
4. Oxides are compounds of oxygen and one or more metals. Examples: quartz, hematite and magnetite.
5. Halides are compounds of a halogen and a metal. Examples: fluorite and halite (rock salt).
6. Hydroxides are compounds of hydrogen, oxygen and usually a metal. Examples: limonite and brucite.
7. Sulfates are compounds of sulfur, oxygen and a metal. The commonest sulfate is gypsum.
8. Phosphates are chemical compounds related to phosphoric acid. Examples: apatite, monazite.
9. Tungstates are salts of tungstic acid. Example: wolframite (a tungsten ore).
(Lambert “The Field Guide to Geology” 1988, Cambridge University Press)
| CHEMICAL class | MINERAL NAME | CHEMICAL FORMULA | |
| NATIVE ELEMENTS | Native copper | Cu | |
| Gold | Au | ||
| Sulfur | S | ||
| Graphite | C | ||
| Diamond | C | ||
| OXIDES and HYDROXIDES | Quartz | SiO2 | |
| Hematite | Fe2O3 | ||
| Magnetite | Fe3O4 | ||
| Corundum | A12O3 | ||
| SULFIDES | Pyrite | FeS2 | |
| Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 | ||
| Galena | PbS | ||
| SULFATES | Gypsum | CaSO4 2H2O | |
| Anhydrite | CaSO4 | ||
| CARBONATES | Calcite | CaCO3 | |
| Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 | ||
| PHOSPHATES | Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(F, Cl, OH) | |
| HALIDES | Halite | NaCl | |
| Fluorite | CaF2 | ||
| SILICATES | OLIVINE GROUP | Olivine | (Mg, Fe)2[SiO]4 |
| AMPHIBOLE GROUP | Hornblende | Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Al silicate | |
| PYROXENE GROUP | Augite | Ca, Mg, Fe, Al silicate | |
| MICA GROUP | Muscovite | K, Al silicate | |
| Biotite | K, Mg, Fe, Al silicate | ||
| Chlorite | Mg, Fe, Al silicate | ||
| Talc | Mg silicate | ||
| Kaolinite | Al silicate | ||
| FELDSPAR GROUP | Orthoclase (K-feldspar) | K[AlSi3O8] | |
| Plagioclase (Ab, An) | Mixture of Ab and An | ||
| Albite (Ab) | Na[AlSi3O8] | ||
| Anorthite (An) | Ca[Al2Si2O8] |
Table 2. Chemical Grouping and Composition of Some Common Minerals
3.1.3 Complete the following chart. Give examples of each type of rock forming mineral.
| silicates | oxides | sulfides | carbonates | sulphates | phosphates |
INFORMATIVE READING- Minerals and their physical properties.
3.2.1 Read the following text and answer the questions.(R.P – 4.7)
PART 1
Minerals
Minerals are the fundamental building blocks of rock materials in the earth. They are defined as naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and specific crystal structure. Over 2000 minerals have been identified in the Earth. There are over 100 elements in the crust, which consists almost entirely of eight elements. The remaining elements account for less than 1% of the crust, which therefore has a very simple composition.
The first eight elements are the most common and constitute the basic ingredients for most continental crustal rocks, which are predominantly are silicates and to a lesser extent oxides.
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