B. Isaac Newton D. James Hutton

3.The word geology comes from

A. Latin C. English

B. Greek D. French

4. Another term for geology is

A. geoscience C. classic geology

B. Earth science D. petroleum geology

5.The shape of the Earth’s surface is the result of

A. endogenous forces C. destructive forces

B. exogenous forces D. endogenous and exogenous forces

6.The effects of endogenous and exogenous forces is NOT the following:

A. weathering C. irregularities

B. erosion D. leveling

7.Lithification is the process of

A. compaction and cementation C. cementation and weathering

B. compaction and erosion D. cementation and deposition

8.The principle of lateral continuity is when rock layers extend

A. vertically in all directions C. horizontally in all directions

B. horizontally in one direction D. vertically in two directions

9.Sedimentary rocks are made from

A. fossils C. pebbles

B. sediments D. fragments

10.Fossil succession is divided into

A. fauna and flora C. flora and remains

B. fauna and remains D. animal remains

11.The classification of organic remains in rocks is the subject of

A. palaeontology C. palaeobotany

B. paleobiology D. paleozoology

12.Geology s a modern scientific discipline developed in the

A. 17^th century C. 18^th century

B. 16^th century D. 15^th century

13.Geology is divided into two main fields

A. physical and applied C. historical and geoscience

B. applied and regional D. physical and historical

14.The number of principles in geology

A. 7 C. 5

B. 4 D. 6

15.The structure of the crust is

A. complex C. very complex

B. simple D. very simple

16.When igneous rock cuts across another rock, it is the law of

A. original horizontality C. fossil succession

B. cross-cutting relationships D. lateral continuity

17. If we know the age of fossils, we can figure out

A. the age of rocks C. the distribution of rocks

B. the formation of rocks D. the transportation of rocks

18.Geologists can be called

A. earth detectives C. earth miners

B. earth detectors D. earth investigators

19.If the bottom layer of rock is the oldest in a sedimentary rock sequence, it is the principle of

A. original horizontality C. uniformitarianism

B. lateral continuity D. superposition

20.Geologic record is

A. rock history book C. library rock book

B. rock history notebook D. rock encyclopedia

TEST 2 (UNIT 2-Fossils)

Choose the correct item.

1.The word “fossilis” means

A. dug up

B. found in

C. dug out of

2. Another term for fossils is

A. permeation

B. petrifaction

C. impregnation

3. Fermentation takes place

A. in the presence of oxygen

B. in the absence of oxygen

C. in the presence of nitrogen

4. Diagnesis is

A. a series of chemical reactions

B. a series of changes in pressure

C. a number of factors

5. Fossils are restricted to

A. in igneous rocks

B. in metamorphic rocks

C. in sedimentary environments

6. Most fossils are

A. organisms

B. terrestrial animals

C. sea animals

7. Coal was formed as a result of

A. fossilization

B. fermentation

C. carbonization

8. Relative dating means

A. geological age of a rock or fossil

B. geological age of a rock or fossil expressed in units of time

C. chronological arrangement of fossils or rocks with respect to the geological time scale

9. Another word for “set of characters” is

A. features

B. facies

C. sequences

9. Earth’s history can be

A. locked up in rocks

B. found inside the Earth’s surface

C. laid down in rocks

10. There are ___________ types of dating.

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

11. Geologists study

A. geology

B. Earth

C. Universe

12. Dating is used to construct

A. time lines

B. time intervals

C. time periods

13. Periods are generally named for

A. geologic basins

B. geographic locations

C. geologic beds

14. If we know the age of fossils, we can figure out

A. how old the rocks are

B. where the rocks are

C. how the rocks were formed

15. Geological column is based on

A. crust rock

B. rock layers

C. rock units

TEST 3 (UNIT 3-Earth)

Choose the correct item.

1.The Earth has_________ layers.

A. 4

B. 5

C. 6

2.The Earth can be compared to _________.

A. an onion

B. an apple

C. a cake

3.The shape of the Earth is ______________.

A. round

B. flattened sphere

C. oblate spheriod

4.The largest ocean in area is _______________.

A. the Pacific

B. the Indian

C. the Atlantic

5.Earth is ________________.

A. stable

B renewing

C. nonstatic

6. Atmosphere consists mainly of _________________.

A. nitrogen and oxygen

B. oxygen and carbon

C. nitrogen and hydrogen

7. Mantle rock is denser than________________.

A. crustal rock

B. oceanic rock

C. molten rock

8. The lithosphere includes ______________.

A. continental crust and oceanic crust

B. asthenosphere and uppermost mantle

C. uppermost mantle and crust

9. The boundary between crust and mantle is know as _______________.

A. transition zone

B. Moho discontinuity

C. D- boundary

10. The mantle is rich in _________________.

A. silicon

B. iron

C. magnesium

11. Asthenosphere is________________.

A. a rocky surface

B. a weak zone

C. a basalt zone

12. The lithosphere is divided into_____________.

A. seven gigantic plates

B. seven continental plates

C. seven crustal plates

13. The globe surrounded by a gaseous envelope is called ____________.

A. asthenosphere

B. lithosphere

C. atmosphere

14. The ocean basin makes up approximately __________ of the Earth.

A. one third

B. two thirds

C. three fourths

15. Continental crust is of _____________________ composition.

A. basaltic

B. granitic

C. dolomitic

16. The transition zone is located______________.

A. above the uppermantle

B. above the lower mantle

C. above the core

17. The main Earth building blocks are_____________.

A. non-metals and metals

B. natural substances

C. elements and minerals

18. The most abundant mineral in the crust and mantle is ____________.

A. silicon

B. silicates

C. aluminum

19. The mantle has three sections – which is not correct?

A. the lower mantle

B. the middle mantle

C. the upper mantle

20. Which of the following statements is not true?

A. the outer core contains iron

B. the mantle contains iron

C. the inner core contains no iron