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Видовременные формы глагола в страдательном залоге

Present Past Future
Indefinite
am, is, are + Part. II I am often asked about it. – Меня об этом часто спрашивают. was, were + Part. II I was asked about it yesterday. – Меня спросили об этом вчера. will, shall + Part. II I shall be asked about it tomorrow. – Меня спросят об этом завтра.
Continuous
am, is, are + being + Part. II I am being asked about it now. – Меня спрашивают об этом сейчасю was, were + being + Part. II I was being asked about it when you came. – Меня спрашивали об этом, когда вы пришли.  
Perfect
have, has + been + PartII I have been asked about it this morning. – Меня спросили об этом сегодня утром. had + been + Part. II I had been asked about it before I met you. – Меня спросили об этом до того, как я встретил вас. will, shall + have been + Part. II I shall have been asked about it by that time. – Меня уже спросят об этом к тому времени.

В английском языке в пассивном залоге могут употребляться как переходные, так и непереходные глаголы. Например:

a) He was invited to the theatre. –Его пригласили в театр.

b)I will be shown around the town. –Мнепокажутгород.

Если необходимо указать действующее лицо или материал, из которого сделан предмет, употребляются соответственно предлоги by и with (of). Например:

a) The poem was translated by S. Marshak. – Стихотворение переведено С. Маршаком.

b) The cover of this book is made of leather. – Обложка этой книги сделана из кожи.

c) Meat is eaten with a knife. – Мясо едят ножом.

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

Can be able to

 

Present Past Future
can am is able to … are could was able to … were -   will be able to …
Возможность: могу, умею; возможно
  • I can run very fast.
  • He can speak French. Can he do sums?
  • You can get there by bus?
Разрешение: можно
  • You can come at any time.
  • Can I have a cup of coffee?
Запрещение: нельзя
  • You can’t cross the street here.
 
       

 

am/is/are/able toбыть в состоянии, быть способным

was/were able to –смог, сумел

§ He is an honest man. He is not able to do it. (не способен)

§ Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody (мог выйграть). But once he had a difficult game against Allan. Allan played very well but in the end Jack was able to beat him (смог).

May be allowed to

 

Present Past Future
may am is allowed to … are might was allowed to … were -   shall, will be allowed to …
Разрешение: можно, разрешается
  • MayI come in? – Yes, you can (may).
No, you can’t (may not).
Строгое запрещение: не смей
  • You may notleave the room until I say so.
 
Возможность: (воз)можно
  • You mayoften see such faces in the South of Russia.
 
       

 

Если необходимо подчеркнуть, что разрешение исходит от кого-л., либо в случаях, когда не употребляется may, используется глагол to allow в страдательном залоге → be allowed to:

You are (not) allowed to wait here.

He was allowed to go there. – Ему разрешили пойти туда.

He will be allowed to go there. – Ему разрешат пойти туда.

Must to have to

 

Present Past Future
must have/has to … - had to … -   shall, will have to …
долг, обязательство
  • We must study hard.
 
приказ, настоятельный совет: должен
  • You must gothere at once.
  • Imust buysome bread.
  • You must see the doctor immediately.
Запрещение: нельзя, запрещено
  • You mustn’t smokehere.
 
       

 

have toвынужден, придется

§ Ann’s eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses for reading.

§ Jane was feeling ill last night so she had to leave the party early.


Контрольная работа № 1

Грамматические упражнения

1. Определите, какой частью речи является слово с окончанием -s:

a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The postman brings us the newspaper in the morning. 2. Peter and Helen’s flat is large. 3. He prefers Caucasian wines to Crimean wines. 4. His speeches are always interesting. 5. He studies at the Russian State Social University. 6. My friend’s father is at the meeting. 7. We know the contents of the letter.

 

2.Поставьте прилагательные и наречия в соответствующую степень сравнения.

1. The Volga is (long) than the Dnieper. 2. This is (short) way to the station. 3. February is (short) month of the year. 4. I have (little) time than he. 5. My dictionary is as (good) as yours. 6. This book is (many) interesting than that.

 

3. Вставьте there is в нужном времени и форме.

1. … much information about the problem. 2. … many problems to solve. 3. … anybody in the corridor? 4. … a concert next Sunday? 5. … many seminars last week. 6. … a meeting at the Institute yesterday? 7. … a telephone in this room.

 

4. Выберите нужную форму местоимений

1. This letter is for … (you, your, yourself). 2. I quite agree with … (he, him, his). 3. He gave me … (his, he, himself) address. 4. I haven’t got a dictionary. Can you give me … (you, we, yours)? 5. I was in Bulgaria last year. I liked … (this, that, these) country very much. 6. … (what, which, whose) is the population of the town? 7. Where is my bag? - … on the table.

 

5. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глаголов to be и to have.

1. They … at the conference in Moscow. 2. She … a teacher next year. 3. Where … Bill? – He is working in the library. 4. He … a lot of free time last week. 5. We usually … our dinner at home. 6. The lesson … over in 5 minutes. 7. The students of our group … a scientific conference yesterday.

6. Определите временные формы глаголов в следующих предложениях и переведите эти предложения на русский язык.

1. He left the hotel, took a taxi and drove to the theatre. 2. I was sleeping at 11 o’clock last night. 3. The Olympic games take place every four years. 4. The sun rises in the East. 5. I was watching TV when somebody phoned me. 6. What are you doing here? - I’m waiting for the train to Sochi. 7. Last year I seldom went to the library.

 

7. Выберите правильный вспомогательный глагол для следующих предложений.

1. … you see him yesterday? (did, had, was) 2. … he working now? – No, he … not, he … resting in his room. (was, is, has) 3. My son … sleeping when I came home yesterday. (was, were, is) 4. They … speak to me about it. (didn’t, have, are) 5. He … return to Moscow in a few days. (shall, has, will) 6. … he have a large library? (have, had, did) 7. … smoke! (Don’t, Have, Be)

 

8. Употребите Present Indefinite или Present Continuous, Past Indefinite или Past Continuous.

 

1. He … tennis twice a week. (play) 2. Our life … from year to year. (change) 3. When did you come? – I … an hour ago. (come) 4. He was talking on the phone while he … . (drive) 5. The next bus … at 12 o’clock. (leave) 6. Yesterday he … (come) home at 6, … (have) a rest till 7 and … (work) the rest of the evening. 7. You … something! (constantly, lose)

Текст 1. Менеджмент

I. Переведите и выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

operations management, to create, conversion, planning for production, to solve problems, refinement, degree, research, production capacity, market demand, to adjust, appropriate, inventory cost, to meet specifications, human being, hazardous

II. Переведите текст на русский язык:

Operations Management

Operations management consists of all the activities that man­agers engage in to create products (goods, services, and ideas). Operations are as relevant to service organizations as to manu­facturing firms. In fact, production is the conversion of resources into goods or services.

1. A technology is the knowledge and process the firm uses to convert input resources into output goods or services. Conver­sion processes vary in their major input, the degree to which inputs are changed, and the number of technologies employed in the con­version.

2. Operations management often begins with the research and product development activities. The results of R&D may be entirely new products or extensions and refinements of existing products. The limited life cycle of every product spurs companies to invest continuously in R&D.

3. Operations planning is planning for production. First, de­sign planning is needed to solve problems related to the product line, required production capacity, the technology to be used, the design of production facilities, and human resources. Next, opera­tional planning focuses on the use of production facilities and re­sources. The steps in this periodic planning are (1) selecting the appropriate planning horizon, (2) estimating market demand, (3) comparing demand and capacity, and (4) adjusting output to de­mand.

4. The major areas of operations control are purchasing, in­ventory control, scheduling, and quality control. Purchasing in­volves selecting suppliers and planning purchases. Inventory con­trol is the management of stocks of raw materials, work process, and finished goods to minimize the total inventory cost. Scheduling ensures that materials are at the right place at the right time — for use within the facility or for shipment to customers. Quality con­trol ensures that products meet their design specifications.

5. Automation, the total or near-total use of machines to do work, is rapidly changing the way work is done in factories and offices. A growing number of industries are using programmable machines called robots to perform tasks that are tedious or haz­ardous to human beings. The flexible manufacturing system com­bines robotics and computer-aided manufacturing to produce smaller batches of products more efficiently than the traditional assembly line.

 

III. Дополните предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. Operations management consists of all the activities that managers engage in to create … .

2. A technology is the knowledge and process the firm uses to … input resources into output goods or services.

3. The limited life cycle of every product spurs companies to invest continuously in … .

4. Design planning is needed to … related to the product line, required production capacity, the technology to be used, the design of production facilities, and … .

5. Operations planning focuses on the use of … and resources.

6. Inventory control is the management of stocks of …, work process, and finished goods to minimize the total inventory cost.

7. Quality control … that products meet their design specifications.

8. A growing number of … are using programmable machines called to … tasks that are tedious or hazardous to human beings.

 

Текст 2. Конфликтология

I. Переведите и выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

Effective communication, human being, to interact effectively, actual conduct, the kind of person, to experience, trust, distrust, private performance, public performance, opinions and experiences, unique situation and feelings, to appreciate, advice, the skills of empathic listening

 

II. Прочитайте текст и переведите абзацы 2 и 3 письменно.

Character and Communication

1. Communication is the most important skill in life. We spend most of our waking hours communicating. But consider this: You've spent years learning how to read and write, years learning how to speak. But what about listening? What training or education have you got that enables you to listen so that you really, deeply understand another human being from the individual's own frame of reference? Comparatively few people have had any training in listening at all. And, for the most part, their training has been in the personality ethic of technique, truncated from the character base and the relationship base absolutely vital to authentic understanding of another person.

2. If you want to interact effectively with me, to influence me — your spouse, your child, your neighbor, your boss, your coworker, your friend — you first need to understand me. And you can't do that with technique alone. If I sense you're using some technique, I sense duplicity, manipulation. I wonder why you're doing it, what your motives are. And I don't feel safe enough to open myself up to you. The real key to your influence with me is your example, your actual conduct. Your example flows naturally out of your character, or the kind of person you truly are — not what others say you are or what you may want me to think you are. It is evident in how I actually experience you.

3. Your character is constantly radiating, communicating. From it, in the long run, I come to instinctively trust or distrust you and your efforts with me. If your life runs hot and cold, if you're both caustic and kind, and, above all, if your private performance doesn't square with your public performance, it's very hard for me to open up with you. Then, as much as I may want and even need to receive your love and influence, I don't feel safe enough to expose my opinions and experiences and my tender feelings. Who knows what will happen?

4. But unless I open up with you, unless you understand me and my unique situation and feelings, you won't know how to adviсe and counsel me. What you say is good and fine, but it doesn't quite pertain to me. You may say you care about and appreciate me. I desperately want to believe that. But how can you appreciate me when you don't even understand me? All I have are your words, and I can't trust words. I'm too angry and defensive — perhaps too guilty and afraid — to be influenced, even though inside I know I need what you could tell me.

5. Unless you're influenced by my uniqueness, I'm not going to be influenced by your advice. So if you want to be really effective in the habit of interpersonal communication, you cannot do it with technique alone. You have to build the skills of empathic listening on a base of character that inspires openness and trust.

 

III. Укажите, какие из утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста:

1. Communication is the most important skill in life.

2. Comparatively a lot of people have had any training in listening.

3. Your character is occasionally communicating.

4. Sometimes it is not reasonable to trust words.

5. We have to build skills of empathic listening.

Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2016-08-28

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