The tag for I am is aren’t. The tag for let’s is shall

After an imperative we use will you? or won’t you? Sit down, will you?

He is here, is not he? (Он здесь, не так ли?)

He is not here, is he? (Его здесь нет, не правда ли?)

You will come, won’t you? (Ты придешь, не правда ли?)

Jane doesn’t play tennis, does she?

You do not have to go there now, do you?

Tom speaks English fluently, doesn’t he?

Your brother can repair radio-sets, can not he?

Gerund

Gerund is formed by adding -ing to the infinitive:

Go-going

Put-putting

Leave- leaving

Die-dying

We often use -ing forms as subject:

Smoking is bad for you.

We can put objects after –ing forms:

Eating chocolate does not make you slim.

After some verbs we use –ingforms:

Keep love suggest stop dislike

Finish like enjoy hate prefer

Can’t help mind give up practice continue

When we have prepositions + verb we must use an ing form:

The children are tired of going to the same place every summer.

To be interested in art of

To be proud of habit of

To object to hope of

To prevent from thought of

To depend on idea of

To hear of fear of

To afraid of skill in

To think of necessity of

To insist on chance of

To approve of problem of

The Gerund has the forms of tenses:

Form active passive

Simple cleaning being cleaned

Perfect having having been

cleaned cleaned

My cousin likes washing his cat. The cat likes being washed by cousin.

I remember having told the news. I remember having been told the news.

Indirect speech 1

When we tell people what somebody said or thought we often use indirect speech .Statements are usually reported with a past tense verb and optional that. The form of the verb that follows the moves back in time.

Tenses and pronouns change in indirect speech if the time and speaker are different:

Direct Indirect speech

Present Indefinite - Past Indefinite

Present Continuous - Past Continuous

Present Perfect - Past Perfect

Past Indefinite - Past Perfect

Future Indefinite - Future Indefinite in the Past

We also change some time and place expressions if the context has changed:

Direct Indirect speech

This that

These those

Here there

Now then

Today that day

This week that week

Yesterday the day before

Last week the week before

Two days ago two days before

Tomorrow the next day

Next week the next week

Indirect speech 2

We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder, want to know. Tense change rules are the same.

“Where do you live?” he asked

He asked where I lived.

If there is no question word we addif or whether.

“Are you British?”-She asked me if/whether I was British.

In reported questions we use the same word order as in statements:

“Do you speak English?”- She want to know if I speak English.

Reporting commands and request:

Command are reported with tell and the infinitive.

“ Wait! Wait!”

I told him to wait.

Requests are reported with ask and the infinitive.

“ Please wait!”

I asked her to wait.

Other reporting words:

Advise, agree, offer, remind, refuse, invite, decide, suggest

Conditional sentences 1

Sentences with if are called conditionals. The if …clause is the condition and other part of the sentence is the result. There are three types of conditional. The first conditional: 1) If+ S V Vs O, S shall/ will V O.

If you drop it , it will break.

Or S shall/will VO, if+ S V Vs O.

The first conditional refers to the future. It is used when there is a possibility that the if event might happen.

If it rains, we will go to the cinema. ( It might rain/it might not rain)

The second conditional: If S+ VedV2O, S+ should/ would VO.

This type of sentence describes future events that are imaginary, unlikely or impossible.

If I lived by the sea ,I would do a lot of swimming.

Note: would is usually contracted in speech.

I’d become famous.

The past simple of the Be is I was, he/she/it was .We use these forms in second conditional or alternatively we can use if I were, she/he/it/were.

If I were here…

We use this structure when we can give advice.

If I were you’d spend more time on your written work.

Unless means if not .

We would go out if it did not rain.

We would go out unless it rained.

Conditional sentences 2

The third conditional: If S+ had Ved V3 , S +would have Ved V3.

This type of sentence describes past events that is different to what really happened.

If I had taken an umbrella , I wouldn’t have got wet.

We often use might and could in conditional when we want to say that we are not certain about the results.

If I had brought some money I could have taken a taxi.

It is also possible to put the If clause at the end.

Wishes

For wishes about the present we use I wish +past simple.

I wish I didn`t go to school.

Could

We use I wish I could to refer that is difficult or impossible. This can refer to the present or future.

I wish I could fly.

At the second conditional the past simple does not refer to past time.

For wishes about the past we use I wish + the past perfect.