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The USA became the world leading country at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Words to remember
Beginning начало
To belong принадлежать, относиться
Independence [ındı´pendəns] независимость
To declare, to proclaim провозглашать, объявлять
To adopt принимать
Right [raıt] право, привилегия
Equality [i(:)k´wɔlıtı] равенство
Pursuit [pə´sju:t] стремление
To elect [ı´lekt] выбирать, избирать
To comprise [kəm´praız] включать, охватывать
To compose состоять
Difference различие, разногласие
Private property [´praıvıt ´prɔpətı] частная собственность
Backbone [´bᴂkboun] основа
Original [ə´rıdʒənl] первоначальный, исконный
Advertising [´ᴂdvətaızıŋ] реклама
Means of transportation средства сообщения
To create [kri(:)´eıt] создавать
Feature [´fi: tʃə] черта, oособенность
Growth рост
Giant [´dʒaıənt] гигантский, колоссальный
To represent [reprı´zent] представлять
Achievement [ə´tʃi:vmənt] достижение. успех
Consumption [kənsʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n] потребление
Exercises
1. Translate into Russian.
The official language; at the beginning, European colonies; mostly belonged to Britain; economic policy; the War of Independence; the equality of all people; to be independent of Great Britain; the equality of all people; the pursuit of happiness; stars and stripes; the economy is dominated; a giant new industry.
2. Complete the following sentences.
1. The United States of America is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific to the west, Canada ….
2. At the beginning of the 17th century European colonies began ….
3. The War of Independence of the American began….
4. The new state was called the United States of America and July 4….
5. From 1959 the federation ….
6. The President of the USA is the head ….
7. The head of the legislative power ….
8. The philosophy of US government proclaims ….
9. The flag of the United States is called ….
10. The main political parties in the USA ….
11. Large reserves of oil, coal, iron and other minerals are ….
12. The economy is dominated by ….
3. Answer the questions.
1. Where is the USA situated?
2. What´s the total area of the country?
3. What countries does the USA border on?
4. What´s the population of the United States?
5. When the Declaration of Independence was adopted?
6. Who was the first President of the USA?
7. How many states are there in the USA?
8. What can you say about the US political system?
9. What are the President´s functions?
10. What do you know about the American Flag?
11. What are the main political parties?
12. Is the country rich in natural resources?
13. How can you characterize the industrial development of the country?
14. Is the US agriculture highly mechanized and commercialized?
4. Read the following texts. What do you think? Try to guess the main idea of the texts. Discuss each text in group.
a). “The business of America is business”, US President Calvin Coolidge once said. Millions of people are employed in business. Secretaries, accountants and computer operators work for many different kinds of companies. Many office workers dream of working their way up to the top from messenger to president of the corporation. It is still possible to start out at the bottom and go all the way to the top, for example, some accountants become top executives; people with an engineering background can also rise to the top. Nowadays, however, education plays a central role in the selection of men and women for management jobs. Many US universities have courses in business administration.
b). The United States is rich in natural resources, the main being iron ore, coal and oil. The nation produces more than 100 million tons of iron a year. Four fifth of the ore mined in the USA comes from the Great Lakes region. Most of the coal mined in the USA is used by power plants to produce electricity. Coal is also used in the chemical industries for the manufacture of plastics and other synthetics. The production, processing and marketing of such oil products as petrol make up one of America´s largest industries.
The USA is an industrial country with various branches of heavy industry prevailing, namely, mining, metallurgical, automobile and chemical industries. Many branches of light industry are also developed, among them are textile, food and woodworking industries.
New industries are created as new discoveries are made in physics, chemistry and other sciences. Atomic energy has created a wide range of new industries. Electronics has become a major industry.
Rapid development of communication means has facilitated cooperation and control but increased competition. Competition is a struggle for survival, victory being on the side of professionals. Special emphasis is being laid on management training. A great number of schools and colleges are training people to become industrial leaders.
5. Speak about the USA
Conversational topic: New York
New York is the largest US city and a major economic, financial, scientific and cultural centre of the country. People of different races and nationalities make up its population of more than 8 million. More than 80 languages are spoken in New York.
The city was founded in 1625 by the Dutch West India Company and was named New Amsterdam. In 1664 this territory was taken over by the English and they changed its name to new York.
Situated at the mouth of the Hudson River, New York has always been the gateway to the USA. About 12 million immigrants passed through New York when they came to America. The first view of the city from sea is a sight that can never be forgotten. Crowded ferry-boats cross the water with the people hurrying to work in the downtown sky-scrapers.
Liberty Island is a small uninhabited island in New York Harbor in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty. It has been owned by the federal government since 1800, first as military installation and now as a national landmark. The bronze Statue of Liberty was presented to the United States by France in 1886 to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of American independence. The statue is about 50 metres high and stands on a pedestal of almost the same height. Its torch can be seen at night for many miles. A new American Immigration Museum has been opened at the base of the statue. North of the Statue of Liberty is Ellis Island used from 1892 to 1943 to detain immigrants while examining their qualifications for legal entry to the USA.
The city of New York is divided into five districts. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond (Staten Island).
The heart of the city is Manhattan. There are some world-famous streets in Manhattan. Wall Street is the financial heart of the USA and the most important banking centre in the world. Broadway is the centre of the theatres and night life. Many drugstores and restaurants, which never close their doors, are situated here. There are cinemas with films that start at midnight. Fifth Avenue is the great shopping, hotel and club Avenue. On the corner of fifth Avenue and 34th Street stands “the most famous building in the world”, the 102-storeyd Empire State Building. It was the first sky-scraper. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is located at Fifth Avenue and 82nd Street. It houses a permanent collection from all over the globe, ranging from Paleolithic to modern art.
The United Nations headquarters is a stunning complex of buildings and grounds situated along the embankment of the East River.
Brooklyn is the largest in population. 3,000,000 people live in Brooklyn, almost as many as in Chicago, thus giving its name “the bedroom of New York”.
Richmond over the bay is a district of piers and warehouses. Its population is only 295,000. The Bronx in the north is a residential, rather than industrial part of the city. Queens in the east is both residential and industrial.
Research institutes and societies, theatres, museums and publishing houses make New York one of the main centres of scientific and cultural life in the country.
New York is also one of the leading manufacturing cities in the world. Its enterprises produce vehicles, machinery, paper products, glass and chemicals.
New York is the largest port in America. More than half the trade of the United States goes through this city.
Words to remember
Sight [saıt] вид, зрелище
To cross пересекать
Ferry-boat паром, пассажирское судно
To hurry [´hʌrı] спешить, торопиться
Sky-skraper [´skaıˏskreıpə] небоскреб
To present дарить
Gateway [´geıtweı] ворота, въезд
Location [lo (u) ´eıʃ (ə) n] местоположение, расположение
Anniversary [ˏᴂnıvə:´s(ə)rı] годовщина
To commemorate [kə´meməreıt] праздновать
To detain задерживать
Entry вход, въезд
World-famous [´wə:ld´feıməs] всемирно известный
To locate размещать, располагать
Permanent [´pə: mənənt] постоянный
Stunning [´stʌnıŋ] великолепный, ошеломляющий
Embankment [ım´bᴂŋkmənt] набережная
Residential [ˏrezı´denʃ (ə) l] жилой
Bay залив, бухта
Publishing house издательство
Societies [sə´saıətı] общество
Exercises
1. Complete the sentences.
1. New York was founded by …. 2. Crowded ferry-boats cross the water with people hurrying to work…. 3. Liberty Island is … in New York Harbor in the United States. 4. The Statue of Liberty was presented to the USA by… to commemorate …. 5. A new … has been opened at the base of the statue. 6. The heart of New York is …. 7. Wall Street is … and the most important banking centre in the world. 8. … is the centre of the theatres and night life. 9. Fifth Avenue is … Avenue. 10. … was the first sky-scraper. 11. The Metropolitan Museum of Art houses a permanent collection from …. 11. … is the largest in population. 12. The Bronx is a … part of the city. 13. Richmond is a district of … and …. 14. Queens is both … and …. 15. New York is one of the leading ….
2. Answer the questions.
1. When was New York founded?
2. What is the population of New York?
3. How much languages are spoken in New York?
4. Where is New York situated?
5. What can you say about the Statue of Liberty?
6. What purposes was Ellis Island used for?
7. What are five districts of New York?
8. What are the world-famous streets in Manhattan?
9. Where are the Headquarters of the United Nations situated?
10. Why Brooklyn is named “the bedroom of New York”?
11. What places of interests do you know in New York?
12. Why New York is one of the main centres of scientific and cultural life in the country.
3. You are in New York. What famous sights do you want to visit? Why?
4. Read the following dialogue. Compose your own dialogue about New York.
A: Excuse me, can tell me where the Empire State building is?
B: Oh, sure. You’re not from here, are you?
A: No, I’m from Idaho. I’m here for the weekend only.
B: Oh, really?
A: Let me see your map.
B: We are here at the corner of Broadway and 47th Street.
A: The Empire State Building is at Fifth Avenue and 34th Street
B: Just walk along 47th Street this way and turn right into Fifth Avenue after two blocks.
A: Walk down Fifth Avenue past Public Library until reach 34th Street.
B: The Empire State Building is the building to your right and main entrance is on Fifth Avenue.
A: Great. Are there any other places I should go to?
B: Oh, yes. There are a lot of interesting places in New York.
A: The Guggenheim Museum and the Metropolitan Museum are just as interesting as the Empire State Building.
B: But the most interesting place for me is Ellis Island.
A: How do I get to Ellis Island?
B: Take a cab to Battery Park.
A: The ferry terminal is right at the end of the parking lot.
B: Just buy a ticket to Ellis Island there and ask for the schedule.
A: Do you get a good view of Manhattan from the ferry?
B: You do. But you get the most fascinating view of the Manhattan skyline from the Staten Island Ferry.
A: And the view of Miss Liberty is as fascinating as the view of Manhattan.
B: And it’s even better and also more spectacular at sundown.
A: Well, thanks a lot. I really appreciate your help.
B: You’re very welcome.
A: Bye-bye.
B: Bye now. Enjoy New York!
Conversational topic: The sights of New York
The American Museum of Natural History- its rich collections are an interesting illustration of the growth and development of man and nature.
Times Square is New York's white-hot energy center. It would take hours of fixed concentration to really see what's going on here, in the confusion of lights, billboards, people, stores, and traffic.
Greenwich Village is the artistic quarters of New York. The main streets of it are lined with little craft and curio shops, restaurants, art galleries and off-Broadway theartres.
Madison Square Garden is the largest indoor stadium in the city also employed for various kinds of public events and entertainments.
Carnegie Hall is one of America´s oldest concert halls. Founded in 1891, it has attained world-wide fame by presenting many outstanding musicians and conductors.
Spanning the East River, the Brooklyn Bridge connected Manhattan Island to the then-independent city of Brooklyn; before its opening, Brooklynites had only the Fulton Street Ferry to shuttle them across the river.
The Empire State Building may no longer be the world's tallest building (it currently ranks as the seventh), but it is certainly one of the world's best loved skyscrapers and a symbol of New York City and, perhaps, the whole 20th century.
New York Botanical Garden is considered to be one of the leading botany centers in the world. This 250-acre garden built around the dramatic gorge of the Bronx River is one of the best reasons to make a trip to the Bronx.
Conceived by John D. Rockefeller during the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Rockefeller center complex - "the greatest urban complex of the 20th century," occupies nearly 22 acres of prime real estate.
The United Nations Headquarters is officially an "international zone," not part of the United States. The 18-acre riverside tract, now lustily landscaped, was bought and donated by oil magnate John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1946.
With the whole area of 9, 5 acre Washington Square started out as a cemetery, principally for yellow fever victims. In the early 1800s it was a parade ground and the site of public executions; in 1827 it was turned into a public park.
5. Speak about New York.
Conversational topic: Washington
Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The city was founded in 1791 and named after the first US president, George Washington. Since 1800 it has been the federal capital.
The city industry is not well developed, “the main output of Washington being laws and government decisions”. Washington is the residence of the President and the Congress of the United States; all government departments and numerous federal institutions are also located in the capital. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all in New York.
Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol- a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation´s affairs. It´s easy to get lost in this huge building, full of painting and statues.
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. It was designed by James Hoban on a site chosen by George Washington. It is the oldest public building in Washington, its cornerstone having been laid in 1792. John Adams was the first President to live there (1800). The building was restored after being burned (1814) by British troops, and the smoke-stained gray stone walls were painted white. The elliptical Blue Room is the scene of many social, diplomatic, and official receptions. The Red Room and the Green Room are used for private and quasi-official gatherings. The White House became the official name when President Theodore Roosevelt had it engraved upon his stationery.
Washington is a large scientific and cultural centre where many research institutes are concentrated. There are five universities in the city. The Smithsonian Institution, the National Academy of Science and the Congressional Library are among them. The National Museum, the Old and new National Galleries of art, the City Museum of Washington, National Museum of American History are well known.
One can hardly find a park and a square in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.
There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city´s sights from view. No building in the city may be more than 40 metres tall.
People from all parts of the world come to see US capital. Every year more than 1, 5 million tourists visit Washington and its most popular attractions.
Exercises
1. Answer the questions.
1. Where is Washington situated?
2. When was the US capital founded?
3. Who was it named after?
4. Is Washington a typical US city?
5. What kind of industry is developed in Washington?
6. What important government buildings are situated in the city?
7. Where does the US President work?
8. Is there a monument to George Washington in the capital of the United States?
9. What museums and galleries are there in Washington?
10. What places of interest in Washington do you know?
11. Are there universities in the US capital?
12. Why aren´t there any skyscrapers in Washington?
13. Is the city very popular among tourists?
2. Read the text and try to explain why this library is so important.
The Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the Nation´s library in the USA. It serves not only to members and committees of the Congress, but to libraries throughout the USA and the world and to the scholars, researchers and scientists who use it.
Its foundation was laid in 1815 when President Thomas Gefferson offered his personal library accumulated for 50 years and considered one of the best in the USA at that time as the basis for a great national library.
Now the Library of Congress complex on Capitol Hill includes three buildings. The Thomas Gefferson Building, which has been built in Italian Renaissance style, is the oldest of them. It was the largest and costliest library building in the world when it was completed in 1897. It is decorated with splendid sculpture, murals created by 50 American artists.
The Main Reading Room houses a collection of 45,000 reference books, a part of the extensive main catalog of more than 23 million cards and desk for 212 readers. The Computer Catalog Centre provides public access to the Library´s automated catalog.
The simply designed John Adams Building faced with white marble, was opened in 1939. Sculptures on its large bronze doors represent 12 famous writers.
The white marble James Memorial Building opened in 1980 more than doubled the Library´s available Capitol Hill space. The building which is the official memorial to the Nation´s fourth President contains the James Madison Memorial Hall, exhibition areas, eight reading rooms, offices and storage areas for collections which number over 50 million items.
3. Find any more interesting facts about Washington and represent them in the form of report.
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