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Pair-work practice: listen to the dialogues, perform them, point out the cases of enumeration.

²Dialogue A

A: Are you slimming?

B: Yes, I am.

A: What does your diet allow you?

B: Well, a little meat or fish, eggs, perhaps some cheese or milk, a lot of vegetables: lettuce, cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, very few potatoes, a lot of fruit. No cakes, no ice-cream, no chocolate and very little salt.

A: I bet your producer likes only slim actors and actresses.

B: He does indeed. I have to be on a diet. I don’t live to eat but I eat to live.

²Dialogue B

A: I must confess: I like good food, an occasional beer, cheerful people, theatres and lively music.

B: Is this your keep-fit programme?

A: Yes, it is. My motto is: Eat at pleasure, drink with measure and enjoy life as it is.

B: You’re not a fitness-fanatic, are you?

C: The advice of our doctor is quite different. Don’t take a taxi, he says. Walk to your work each day. Ignore the lift. Climb the stairs. Don’t eat bread and butter. Take two cold showers a day. Do plenty of housework. Stop drinking. Give up smoking. Exercise your memory. Train your body.

B: Your recommendations are very useful, doctor.

I.2.5. Parenthetical Words and Phrases

 

Parenthetical words and phrases are utterances which are only partially related to the main clause. If they are omitted, the sentence remains grammatically and semantically complete. All utterances of this kind fall into three classes: a) parentheses, b) direct addressesandc) reporting phrases.They may occupy an initial, middle or final position in the sentence. Depending on the position in the sentence and the communicative purpose parenthetical words may be pronounced with different types of intonation. The basic types are as follows.

 

A Low Rise / Mid Level is used at the beginning, they form a separate sense group a) ² /Well, | we’ve got a very interesting invitation. b) ² /Doctor, | I’m having a lot of trouble with my shoulder. c) ²The English /say:| “There’s no bad weather, there are bad clothes”.  
A Low Fall / Fall-Rise is used at the beginning, to attach more importance a) ²Be\sides, | I don’t go out with strangers. b) ²Dear \Bernard, | I live in a Moscow suburb now. c)²The wife usually com vplains: | “When we sit in the living-room you always watch TV and never look at me.”
A lower pitch and a quicker tempo are used in the middle, they don’t form a sense-group. The intonation pattern of the utterance remains unchanged. a) ²You /might as .well| bring your friends. b) ²He\llo,.Mister .Berger, | this isSteve Heller. c) ²”Come in this after\noon”,.said the .doctor, | “and I’ll have a look at it.”
Fall+Rise is used some-times in the middle to attach more importance c) ²”\Well,my .dear,” he /said, “it looks like you have arthritis.”
Level intonation is used at the end of the utterance, they don’t form a sense-group but are pronounced as final syllables of the preceding syntagm, forming its tail. a) ²Tastes \differ, of .course. b) ²Just a \minute, .Miss Pearl. c) ²“Don’t /worry”, he answered.  

There are some parentheses that regularly take LOW FALL when initial, even though they are not obviously reinforcing. They can be seen as tonally idiomatic. Examples include at leastand at any rateand also by the wayand incidentally.

At \least,| we finish work tomorrow.
Inci\dentally, | when are we going to get paid?
By the
\way, | this is his plan of furnishing my living-room.

EXERCISE 7

Practise pronouncing sentences with parenthetical words in initial position.

a) However, two years later he married her and they had twins.

For instance, Burns is unique for the melody of his verses, for his wisdom and sense of humour.

Besides, I’d like you to send us some more material on life in Russia.

Well, it seems we’ve got a chance of doing the sights of Moscow.

As a matter of fact, in my current job I’m in charge of a team of 8 brokers.

May be, I can help you.

Well, you choose.

As a rule, I don’t eat sweets.

Besides, I don’t go out with strangers.

But frankly speaking, I didn’t like the acting.

b) Ladies and gentlemen! We wish you a pleasant stay in Kyiv!

Ellen, stop making a fuss!

c) The teacher said:” Hand in your works.”

She asked: “What are you waiting for?”

George promised:”I will manage”.

EXERCISE 8

Pronounce the sentences with parenthetical words in the middle. Define the type of parenthetical words in each sentence, i.e. say whether there is a parenthesis, a direct address or a reporting phrase.

1) We are, in general, very well informed.

2) I’m terribly sorry, Mr. Clarke, I didn’t know.

3) We all depend, actually, on a lot of things.

4) “And the research, - she put in, - was not carried out.”

5) All juices are good for you: tomato, apple, apricot and, of course, pineapple juice.

6) You might as well bring your friends.

EXERCISE 9

Practise pronouncing sentences with parenthetical words in final position.

a) Let’s go to the cinema, for example.

You are right, I suppose.

We’ve lost our way, unfortunately.

b) What do you do, Mr. Clarke?

Your recommendations are very useful, doctor. We look forward to seeing you, Mr. Stevens.

What languages do you speak, Mr. Berg?

Please, have a seat, Mr. Sunders.

- How do you do, Mrs. Grant?

- How do you do, Mr. Brundon?

Hey, Randy! Do you wanner go to the beach this weekend?

c) “I’m sorry”, Ben whispered.

“Thank you”, he said.

“That’s all right”, they shouted.

“Nice to meet you!” he exclaimed.

EXERCISE 10

Practise expressing your opinions, starting off, continuing or finishing as follows.


Personally, …

As far as I concerned, …

As far as I know, …

On the whole, …

As for me, …

Unfortunately, …

Frankly speaking, …

Actually, …

To be short, …..

By the way, …

In my view, …

Of course, …

Surely, …

Obviously, …

……, I think, …

…….., you know, …

….., I suppose, …

………, at least, …

…….., to tell the truth.

………, to be sincere.

………, to be honest with you.


II. QUESTIONS

 

There are 5 types of questions:


II. 1. general;

II. 2. special;

II. 3. alternative;

II. 4. disjunctive and

II. 5. rhetorical.


II.1. General questions

A general question consists of one syntagm pronounced as a gradually descending scale with either a falling or rising tone at the end.

 

A Low Fall is used to express serious suggestion, a subject for urgent discussion. In short responses it sounds unsurprised ²Does it hurt when I press \here?
A Low Rise /   Rise-Fall are used to express genuine interest, friendly interest ²Have you decided where to go to for your summer / holiday? ²Are you from ^Germany?

 

EXERCISE 11

²Listen to the recording and put correct nuclear tones. Analyze the speaker’s attitude. Transcribe and intone the sentences.

1) Can you come down about three quarters of an hour?

2) Are there any vacant rooms in the hotel?

3) Do you smoke?

4) Is she a reporter? Do you know her?

5) Do you speak Russian?

6) Why do you think you are the right candidate for this position?

7) Is Tony Blair from England? – Yes, he is.

8) Do you remember how you learned German?

9) Are you going all the way to San Francisco?

10) Is that Bruno Zola?

11) Do you want to add anything here?

12) Does anyone want to say anything before we move on?

13) What kind of benefit package do you offer?

14) Have you ever flown in a hot-air balloon?

EXERCISE 12

²Listen to the questions and responds, mark stresses, pauses and nuclear tones, practise pronouncing them.

Will she take the apartment? Are they moving in tomorrow? Would you like to think about it? Has he signed the lease yet? Is she sending a check? Are you going to paint the bedroom? Have we talked about this already? Yes, they’re moving in tomorrow. Yes, we’ve talked about this already. Yes, he’s signed the lease. Yes, I’d like to think about it. Yes, I’m going to paint the bedroom. Yes, she’s sending a check. Yes, she’ll take the apartment.

EXERCISE 13

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