РАЗДЕЛ X. THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE

Studying the topics of the unit «The History of Medicine» you will know about the development of medicine throughout the history. You will read the information about Pavlov I.P., Pirogov N.I., Botkin S.P. , their life and great contribution to the development of medical sciences.

Цели раздела

В результате изучения теоретического материала по темам данного раздела вы должны

знать:

§ лексический минимум, необходимый для чтения и перевода профессионально ориентированных текстов об истории развития медицины на протяжении всей истории человечества, а также о самых выдающихся медицинских деятелях и врачах;

§ лексический минимум, необходимый для устного высказывания о самых выдающихся медицинских деятелях и врачах.

уметь:

• применять знания изученного лексико-грамматического материала для чтения и перевода иноязычных профессионально ориентированных текстов по темам раздела;
• извлекать необходимые сведения из иноязычных источников информации, используя изученный лексико-грамматический материал;

§ употреблять изученный лексический минимум в устном высказывании о самых выдающихся медицинских деятелях и врачах.

Обучающие цели:

1. Изучить лексический материал, необходимый для понимания иноязычной информации по темам раздела и устного общения по ним.
2. Научиться применять изученный лексический материал в заданных учебных ситуациях.
3. Составлять устные высказывания, используя изученный лексический материал по каждой теме раздела.

TOPIC 54. THE HISTORY OF MEDCINE

Texts for Reading

Read and translate the texts about the development of medicine. Work in pairs.

Indian Surgery

1. proof – доказательство
2. priority to – предшествование
3. honour – честь, уважение
4. to ligate – перевязывать (сосуд)
5. to excise tumours – удалять опухоли
6. to repair – восстанавливать, исправлять
7. hernias – грыжи
8. to inhabit – населять

1. The study of Indian surgical texts is very interesting. In the history of surgery we find proof of the priority of Indian to Hippocratic medicine. Their surgery held a position of honour and was subject of careful study. Different operations are described in the Indian texts. The plastic operations are characteristic of Indian medicine which came into use in the rest of the world only in the late mediaeval period.

2. The Indian physicians knew how the blood vessels were ligated; they performed amputations, excised tumours, repaired hernias.In India medical instruments and methods for using them were known centuries earlier than in Europe. This country was inhabited by an intelligent people; their art, industry and science even in early times had reached a high stage of development.

Medicine in the Middle Ages

3. Man tried to protect health during the Middle Ages. Certain important health methods were used during this period. Epidemics of diphtheria, typhoid, fever, leprosy (проказа), influenza, bubonic plague and other diseases took millions of lives.

4. Leprosy was spread for hundreds of years. This disease was controlled not by medical means. The patient lived in special colonies away from other people. This was a very important advance in public health during this period.

5. During the Middle Ages plague killed many millions of people in Europe. In 1348 the “Black Death” struck Britain: nobody knew how to fight with this disease. The doctors advised people to run away from the affected areas. Everybody agreed that plague was god’s punishment for the sins of men.

Developments of the Middle Ages

6. A very important development during the Middle Ages was the hospital. Hospitals appeared in Ceylon early in the 5^th century B. C. and in India in 260 B.C. Hospitals were founded during the Middle Ages in Italy, France, England, Spain and other European countries. The number of hospital beds was not always an indication of hospital size, usually great beds were used and 4-6 patients were put on one bed.

7. Hospitals were founded to treat the sick people. Another development during the Middle Ages was the foundation of Universities. Many of the great European Universities were founded during the 13 and 14^th centuries. Biological sciences were taught in the universities. Students studied the human body and some diseases.

Rapid scientific advantages

8. Great discoveries were made in the 19^th century. One of them was the discovery of cocaine, which was very effective as a local anaesthetic. Surgeons could inject cocaine into a certain part of the body and deaden (заглушать) the pain in that part during the operation. When the problem of pain was solved, surgeons could carry out long and complicated operations.

9. A very important discovery was made by the French chemist, physicist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur. We know him as the originator of the “germ (бактерия, микроб) theory” of disease. He discovered fermentation and developed the process of pasteurization (пастеризация). Louis Pasteur produced the theory that disease and infection were caused by germs and he proved that they were spread through the air. He found that germs could be killed in the liquids by heat and the term “pasteurization” was given to the process.

10. Rudolf Virchov became known for his work in cellular pathology, and Herman von Helmholtz for his invention of the ophthalmoscope (офтальмоскоп) in 1850. Lord Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, and Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow of bones on the screen. As these rays were unknown to him, he called them X-rays.

The Developments of the 20^th century

11. During the first seventy years of the 20^th century many discoveries were made in the treatment and prevention of disease. In 1901 Karl LandSteiner discovered the blood groups. Some diseases are not caused by germs or infections but by the lack of certain substances in our food. The discovery of vitamins in 1912 was very important to provide people with a properly balanced diet. In 1922 Sir Frederick Banting found that insulin was very effective against diabetes.

12. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Dr. Alexander Fleming who became the founder of the modern science of antibiotics. Penicillin was used in hospitals to reduce infections in wounds during the Second World War. Streptomycin and a series of anti-infection drugs were discovered after penicillin. All these drugs are known as antibiotics.

13. A drug known as sulphanilamide was discovered in 1935. It became the first of the “miracle” drugs (чудодейственное лекарство) which gave immediate and amazing results in the treatment of many infectious diseases including pneumonia.

14. During the two world wars, great advances were made in the field of plastic surgery, in which skin, bone or muscles was taken from one part of the body and then was transplanted to a badly injured area in another part.

15. Great progress was made in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial and viral infections, kidney disorders and other main causes of death and disability (потеря трудоспособности). The individual of today will live longer and healthfully than ever before.

TOPIC 55 . PAVLOV I.P.

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