Вопросительно-отрицательные предложения.

Отрицательная форма специальныхвопросов образуется путем слияния отрицательной частицы not со вспомогательным глаголом, стоящим перед подлежащим:

Why doesn’t this article focus on more important problems? - Почему эта статья не сосредоточена на более важных проблемах?

Why weren’t those integrated circuits used for this device? – Почему те интегральные микросхемы не использовали для этого устройства?

Отрицательная форма общихвопросов придает высказыванию оттенок удивления. На русский язык переводятся вопросами, начинающимися со слов «разве», «неужели»:

Didn’t you know that they tested this launch vehicle two years ago? - Разве вы не знали, что два года назад они испытали эту ракету-носитель?

Won’t they discuss the problems of space exploration at the conference? – Неужели они не будут на конференции обсуждать вопросы исследования космоса?

XXIV. Превратите данные предложения в вопросительно-отрицательные предложения, начинающиеся словами «Почему … не … » и «Разве …»:

1. This investigation doesn’t require any special apparatus. 2. The station will not be permanently occupied by six crew members all year. 3. The radiation levels were not reduced. 4. This space probe cannot be used for this particular purpose.

Усилительные местоимения

В английском предложении усилительные местоимения стоят либо после слова, которое они усиливают, либо в конце предложения. В русском переводе соответствуют местоимению «сам».

If you want a job done well, do it yourself. – Если ты хочешь, чтобы работа была сделана хорошо, сделай ее сам.

There is no doubt that they themselves developed this method of investigation.– Нет сомнения, что они сами разработали этот метод исследования.

Let her explain it herself. – Пусть она сама объяснит это.

I don’t want you to help me, I’ll do it myself. – Я не хочу, чтобы вы мне помогали, я сделаю это сам.

XXV. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них усилительные местоимения. Предложения переведите:

1. Spacecraft system itself comprises various subsystems, dependent upon a mission profile. 2. The ISS programme itself, and the international cooperation that it represents, allows 14 nations to live and work together in space, providing important lessons that can be taken forward into future multi-national missions.

Префикс повторности действия

Приставке “re –“ является показателем повторности действия и часто переводится на русский язык приставкой “пере-“:

Префикс обратного действия

Приставка“de-“придает слову значение противоположное значению, выраженному основой:

Text A

Space Stations

Mir was a Soviet and later Russian space station. It was the world's first continuously inhabited long-term research station in space, constructed from 1986 to 1996 with a modular design. The station remained in operation for fifteen years until March 23, 2001, when it was de-orbited, breaking apart during atmospheric re-entry over the Pacific Ocean.

The station currently holds the record for the longest continuous manned presence, and was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years of its fifteen-year life cycle. Mir had the capacity to support a resident crew of three but could also support larger crews for short-term visits.

Skylab was the United States' first space station. It was also the only space station NASA launched alone. Skylab was launched on the 14^th of May 1973. The 100-ton space station was in the Earth's orbit from 1973 to 1979 and it was visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974.

The International Space Station (ISS) is an internationally developed research laboratory currently being assembled in the Earth’s orbit. On-orbit construction of the station began in 1998. The station can change its velocity and adjust the path direction, and is the largest artificial satellite with a mass larger than that of any previous space station. It is equipped with a subsystem that is responsible for power generation and distribution. The ISS is intended as a long-term research laboratory in space. The experiments in fields comprising biology, physics, astronomy and meteorology are frequently carried out in the station's microgravity environment. The ISS and its experiments are operated by long-duration Expedition crews. The first resident crew, Expedition 1, arrived on 2 November 2000. As of 1 December 2009 (2009 -12-01)^[update], the crew of Expedition 22 is aboard.

The ISS programme itself, and the international cooperation that it represents, allows 14 nations to live and work together in space, providing important lessons that can be taken forward into future multi-national missions and meeting the requirements for humans’ long-term presence in space.

The ISS is maintained at an orbit with a minimum height of 278 km to a maximum of 460 km, and travels at an average velocity of 27,724 kilometres per hour, completing 15.7 orbits per day.

Because of the size of the International Space Station (about that of a football field) and the large reflective area offered by its solar panels, ground based observation of the station is possible with the naked eye if the observer is in the appropriate location at the right time.

Задания к тексту A:

I. Прочитайте и переведите следующие выражения:

the world's first continuously inhabited long-term research station; a modular design; to break apart during atmospheric re-entry; to hold the record for the longest continuous manned presence; for a total of twelve and a half years of its fifteen-year life cycle; a resident crew of three; the United States' first space station; in the Earth's orbit; the International Space Station (ISS); an internationally developed research laboratory; on-orbit construction of the station; the largest artificial satellite; the station's microgravity environment; long-duration Expedition crews; to meet the requirements for humans’ long-term presence in space; the large reflective area; with the naked eye.

II. Найдите в предыдущем упражнении английские эквиваленты следующих русских выражений:

на орбите Земли; состояние микрогравитации на станции; разламываться на части во время повторного прохождения через атмосферу; удовлетворять требованиям долгосрочного пребывания людей в космосе; модульная конструкция; постоянная команда из трех человек; невооруженным глазом; сооружение станции на орбите; первая в мире постоянно обитаемая исследовательская станция с долгим сроком эксплуатации; в течение целых двенадцати с половиной лет из пятнадцатилетнего срока службы; самый большой искусственный спутник; первая космическая станция Соединенных Штатов; исследовательская лаборатория, развиваемая за счет международного сотрудничества; большая отражательна поверхность; удерживать рекорд за самое длительное присутствие человека в космосе; команды экспедиций с длительным пребыванием; Международная космическая станция.

III. Сделайте грамматический разбор предложений:

1. The ISS programme itself, and the international cooperation that it represents, allows 14 nations to live and work together in space, providing important lessons that can be taken forward into future multi-national missions and meeting the requirements for humans’ long-term presence in space. 2. Because of the size of the International Space Station (about that of a football field) and the large reflective area offered by its solar panels, ground based observation of the station is possible with the naked eye if the observer is in the appropriate location at the right time.

IV. Превратите данное предложение в вопросительно-отрицательные предложения, начинающиеся словами «Почему … не … » и «Разве …»:

Mir is not an international research laboratory currently being assembled in the Earth’s orbit.

V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. When was the first space station constructed and how long it was in operation?

2. When was it deliberately de-orbited?

3. What record does the station currently hold?

4. How much resident crew could the station afford?

5. What was the United States' first space station?

6. How long was Skylab in the Earth's orbit?

7. When did on-orbit construction of the ISS begin?

8. Is it the largest space station and can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye?

9. What are carried out in the station's microgravity environment?

10. Whom are the ISS and its experiments operated by?

11. When did the first resident crew, Expedition 1, arrive at the ISS?

12. What does the ISS allow and provide?

13. What are the main characteristics of the ISS’s flight?

14. Can a ground based observer see the ISS with the naked eye?

VI. Переведите текст А письменно.

Text B