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Exercise 10. In pairs, discuss what you should or shouldn’t do to protect your data. Use the suggestions below.

1. Your anti-virus program regularly, since new viruses are created everyday (update).

2. Discs in a protective case (store).

3. Passwords and security devices to protect confidential information (use).

4. On discs with permanent marker pens (write).

5. The disc into the disc carefully (insert).

6. Floppies or hard drives near magnets; they can damage the data stored on them (leave).

Note: disc – optical media; disk – magnetic storage media

Exercise 13. Speak about.

1. The advantages and disadvantages of optical discs over the magnetic discs.

2. The storage capacity of a double-sided, dual layer DVD.

3. The difference between a DVD burner and a DVD recorder.

4. The feature of portable DVD player which allows the user to play different formats.

5. Two possible successors to DVDs.

6. Where the Blu-ray format gets its name from.

Exercise 14. Read the following text and answer these questions.

1. What is flash memory?

2. What are the differences between RAM memory and flash memory?

3. What can devices which use multi-level cell technology do?

4. What are the differences between flash drives and external hard drives?

5. What is the advantage of using U3 technology in flash drives?

6. How much data can a flash memory card hold?

7. What is the name of the flashcard created by Sony for digital cameras?

Memory in a flash

Flash memory is a type of non-volatile memory that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed. Its name was invented by Toshiba to express how much faster it could be erased - “in a flash”, which means very quickly.

Unlike RAM, which is volatile, flash memory retains the information stored in the chip when the power is turned off. This makes it ideal for use in digital cameras, laptops, network switches, video game cards, mobile phones and portable multimedia players. In addition, it offers fast read access times (although not as fast as RAM), with transfer rates of 12 MB per second. Unlike ROM chips, flash memory chips are rewritable, so you can update programs via software.

Inside the chip, data is stored in several floating gate transistors, called cells. Each cell traditionally stores one bit of data. New devices have a multilevel cell structure so they can store more than one bit per cell. The chips are constructed with either NOR or NAND gates. NOR chips function like a computer’s main memory, while NAND work like a hard drive.

Flash memory is used in several ways:

- Many PCs have their BIOS (basic input/output system) stored on a flash memory chip so it can be updated if necessary.

- Modems use flash memory because it allows the manufacturer to support new protocols.

- USB flash drives are used to save and move MP3 and other data files between computers. They are more easily transported than external hard drives because they use solid-state technology, meaning that they don’t have fragile moving parts that can break if dropped. However, USB flash drives have less storage capacity than hard drives.

- New U3 smart drives allow users to store both applications and data. They have two drive partitions and can carry applications that run on the host computer without requiring installation.

- Flash memory cards are used to store images on cameras, to back up data on PDAs, to transfer games in video consoles, to record voice and music on MP3 players or to store movies on MP4 players. They are as small as stamp, and capacity can range from 8 MB to several gigabytes. The only limitation is that flash cards are often not interchangeable between devices.

The future of hard drives may be hybrid hard drives. Hybrid hard drives combine a magnetic hard disk and a flash memory into one device. This allows computer to boot, or start, more quickly, and also reduces power consumption.

 

Exercise 15. Find words or phrases in the text with the following meanings.

1. permanent, able to hold data without power.

2. able to be rewritten many times.

3. different sections of a disk drive or storage area.

4. to make a copy of a file so that the original is not lost.

5. transferred to another device.

6. a peripheral device that reads and writes flash memory cards.

7. a product that integrates two different technologies.

ARTICLES

The Indefinite Article ‘A’ / ‘An’

A+ consonant sound (/b/, /d/, /g/, /f/, /l/, /p/, etc.)

An + vowel sound (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/)

v with singular countable nouns after the verb to be to say what someone/something is.

e.g. He’s apilot. It’s a torch.

v with the verb have (got).

e.g. Mary has (got) a car.

v in certain expressions when we want to show how often we do something.

e.g. She goes shopping twice a month.

 

a/an is not used:

with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns. We use some instead of a/an. e.g. We need some flour and some sugar. They bought some stamps.

before an adjective if it is not followed by a noun. However, if the adjective is followed by a noun, we use a if the adjective begins with a consonant sounds and an if the adjective begins with a vowel sound. e.g. It’s a house. It’s big. It’s a big house. This is John’s car. It’s new. It’s also an expensive car.

The Definite Article THE

The definite article the is used with countable and uncountable nouns.

e.g. the music, the woman, the trees

The is used:

with nouns when we are talking about something specific, that is, when the noun is mentioned for a second time or is already known. In other words, when we can answer the question ‘Who?’ or ‘Which?’ e.g. I received a letter and a postcard on my birthday. The letter was from my parents and the postcard was from my friend.

with nouns which are unique (the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, etc.).

with the names of rivers (the Nile), seas (the Black Sea), oceans (the Indian Ocean), mountain ranges (the Pyrenees), deserts (the Gobi), groups of islands (the Canary Islands) and countries when they include words such as state, kingdom, republic, etc. (the United States).

with the names of musical instruments (the piano, the saxophone) and dances (the tango).

with the names of hotels (the Sheraton Hotel), theatres/cinemas (the Odeon Theatre), ships (the Queen Mary), organizations (the UN), newspapers (The Times) and museums (the Louvre).

with nationality words (the Belgians) and names of families (the Johnsons).

with titles when the name of the person is not mentioned (the Duchess of Kent, the Queen) but: Queen Mary.

with the words morning, afternoon and evening. e.g. He goes home in the evening.

with the words station, shop, cinema, pub, library, city, village, etc.

e.g. She went to the station to meet Jim.

with historical periods/events (the Stone Age, the Middle Ages, the First World War) but: World War I.

with the words only, last, first (used as adjectives). e.g. He was the least person to arrive.

with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative form.

e.g. She is the most intelligent woman I’ve ever met. Bob drives the most carefully of all.

The is not used:

v with uncountable and plural countable nouns when talking about something in general, that is, when we cannot answer the question ‘Who?’ or ‘Which?’.

e.g. Trees produce oxygen. (Which trees? Trees in general.)

v with proper nouns. e.g. This is Tom.

v with the names of countries (Egypt), cities (Rome), streets (Oxford Street), parks (Hyde Park), mountains (Mont Blanc), railway stations (Victoria Station), bridges (Tower Bridge), individual islands (Rhodes), lakes (Lake Ontario) and continents (Asia).

v with the names of sports, games, activities, days, months, celebrations, colours, drinks, meals and languages (when they are not followed by the word ‘language’). e.g. I speak French. but: The French language is spoken in some parts of Canada.

v with the words this/that/these/those (this bag, those cars) NOT: the this bag

v with possessive adjectives or the possessive case. E.g. That isn’t my car – it’s Keith’s.

v with titles when the person’s name is mentioned (Prince Charles, President Reagan).

v with two words names when the first word is the name of a person or place (Luton Airport) but: the White House.

v with names of pubs, shops, banks and hotels named after the people who started them and end in –s or –‘s. Harrods, Lloyds Bank, Emma’s pub but: the Black Bull (pub) (because ‘Black’ is not a name of a person or place).

v with the words school, church, bed, hospital, college, university, court, prison or home when we refer to the purpose for which they exist. E.g. Jack was in prison. (He was a prisoner.) Jack’s mother went to the prison to see him. (She went to the prison as a visitor.)

v with the words home, father/mother when we talk about our own home/parents. e.g. Father is at home.

v with means of transport: by bus/car/train/plane, etc. e.g. She travelled by plane.

v with the names of illnesses. e.g. He’s got malaria. But: flu/the flu, measles/the measles, mumps/the mumps.

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with a or an.


1. An open door

2. ___ apple

3. ___ large box

4. ___ building

5. ___ old man

6. ___ computer

7. ___ unusual picture

8. ___ cat

9. ___ elephant

10. ___ tall woman


Exercise 2. Choose the correct definite or indefinite article: "the", "a", "an" or "x" (zero article).

1. I bought ___ pair of shoes.

2. I saw ___ movie last night.

3. They are staying at ___ hotel.

4. I think ___ man over there is very unfriendly.

5. I do not like ___ basketball.

6. That is ___ problem I told you about.

7. ___ night is quiet. Let's take a walk!

8. ___ price of gas keeps rising.

9. John traveled to ___ Mexico.

10. Juan is ___ Spanish.

11. I read ___ amazing story yesterday.

12. My brother doesn't eat ___ chicken.

13. ___ love is such beautiful thing.

14. I live in ___ apartment. ___ apartment is new.

15. I would like ___ piece of cake.

16. I was in ___ Japanese restaurant. ___ restaurant served good food.

17. Sara can play ___ guitar.

 

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