XIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention. to the Infinitive constructions.

1. Changes in mud weight are to be reported, to the driller.

2. If such measures are needed and the condition is known to exist beforehand, then preventive measures are always preferable.

3. Filtration control is not critical for mud to be left in the tubing-casing annulus but required for mud in the casing-hole annulus.

4. Two methods have been used to estimate the salinity required.

5. The objective of the mud engineer is to complete the well at the lowest overall cost.

6. In the discussion to follow the attempt will be made to outline some mud compositions that are now being used.

7. Frequently the terms "water base" and "oil base" are used to distinguish drilling fluids that have a liquid as the principal component.

8. Every oilwell drilling rig must be equipped with systems that enable the rig to meet several requirements.

XIV. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to "if-clauses".

1. If porosity were present to a sufficient degree over adequate thickness of rock it would provide the fluid storage capacity suitable for oil accumulation.

2. If oil could be obtained artificially, it would be much cheaper.

3. If the percentage of porosity were known, the volume of oil and gas could be easily determined.

4. Were it not for geologic processes, porosity would not have been created in reservoir rooks

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5. Had all kinds of rocks contained oil reserves, we could have produced much

greater quantities of oil.

6. Had core samples been analysed for water and oil, gas saturation would have

been determined.

7. Were it not for the interconnection of pores there would be no permeability.

XV. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What two systems are drilling muds based on?

2. Which of the two muds (water-base muds or oil-base muds) are more widely used?

3. Into what groups are drilling fluid types classified?

4. What are the basic properties of the drilling fluid?

5. Why should the bit and drill pipe be cooled and lubricated?

6. What will happen to the bit if no fluid is present in the well?

7. Does the presence of liquid mud reduce the friction factor of the pipe and bit?

8. Is it necessary to remove cuttings from the well?

9. How are cuttings removed from the well?

10. What does the rate of the cutting settling depend upon?

11. When does the history of drilling fluids begin?

XVI. Read the text. Divide it into logical parts and give headings to the parts:

FILTRATE AHD FILTER CAKE

When a drilling mud comes into contact with porous rock, the rook acts as a screen allowing the fluid and small solids to pass through, retaining the larger solids. The fluid lost to the rock is described as 'filtrate'. The layer of solids deposited on the rock surface is described as 'filter cake'. It should be observed

that filtration occurs only when there is a positive differential pressure in the direction of the rock. The quality of mud is dependent on the volume of filtrate lost to the formation and the thickness, and strength of the filter cake. In general, the volume of the filtrate lost to the formation is dependent on the magnitude of differential pressure and mud solids characteristics of the filter cake. The initial volume of filtrate lost to the rock while the filter cake is forming is described as "spurt loss" The volume of filtrate and thickness of filter cake of a mud sample can be determined using a filter press. To perform a filtration test, a freshly collected mud sample is poured into the graduated cylinder for receiving and measuring the volume of filtrate and is then subjected to a pressure of either 100 psi or 500 psi and temperatures are ranging from 200^oF to 300 ^oF. The volume of

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filtrate is measured by placing a dry, graduated cylinder under the filter cell and the volume of filtrate collected is reported in cubic centimetres (or cc) per 30 minutes. The volume of filter cake deposited on the filter paper is then measured and is reported in 32-seconds of an inch. The cake is also noted as either soft, firm or tough. A drilling mud with a high water loss is particularly damaging from the logging and producing standpoints. A number of additives may be used to reduce the volume of water loss. An ideal mud is one which has a small water loss and deposits a thin, tough filter cake on the surfaces of permeable formations.

( Oilwell Drilling Engineering).

Notes

1. loss of fluid to the formation - уход бурового раствора в пласт

2. spurt lose – мгновенный фильтр

3. tough - прочный, вязкий

4. water loss - фильтрация, водоотдача

XVII. Discuss the text using the following as phrase-openings;

ChairmanParticipant

I would like to propose this I'd like to ask a question.

subject for discussion Let me say a few words . . .

Would anyone like to comment? I wish to make some remarks concerning

Are there any further comments? As far as I can understand . . .

Could I have an opinion from ...? In conclusion I would like to say . . .

So much for the discussion.

XVIII. Translate the following text into Russian. Use a dictionary:

FIELD MUDS

Analyses of muds from different wells have given reproducible data which agree with concentrations of polymer calculated (from additions made and estimated system volumes) to be present.

It was recognized that whole mud data are of limited signifi­cance. Such data are not predictive of how much polymer is bound to active solids, and how much is available to encapsulate further influxes of drilled solids as drilling continues. It is conceivable that the entire polymer content of the mud could be bound to solids. Attention was therefore focussed on obtaining, in addition to the whole mud analysis, a realistic measurement of "excess" or "available"

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polymer present in the mud.

Reservations were previously expressed as to the significance of information obtained by analyzing the mud filtrate.

Samples of lab and field muds were centrifuged (at 14,000 rpm for 30 min) and the fractions were analyzed by the standard procedure. Under the preceding centrifuging conditions, aqueous solutions of the polymers showed no tendency towards stratification. I

The efficiency of separation of liquid and solid fractions of the mud is dependent on the mud composition as well as the speed and duration of centrifugation. All muds did not separate into a hard (wet) solid and clear liquid fractions. In some cases an intermediate colloidal layer was found to persist. All reported "avai­lable" polymer data have been limited to polymer determined to be present in the clear supernatant (uppermost layer). These data have been corrected to the whole mud volume.

The colloidal and (to a smaller extent) solid fractions will almost inevitably contain additional free polymer. Concentration of "available" polymer reported may therefore be taken as the absolute minimum concentration proven to be "available". In those cases where the mud separates cleanly into hard solid and clear supernatant, the value may be taken to be close to the actual level of "available" polymer in the mud.

When PHTA's are being used in a drilling fluid to encapsulate drilled solids, additions to the fluid should be made on a routine basis. It should, however, be clearly understood that it is not the fluid, but the drilled solids being incorporated into it, which are being treated.

(Technology, July 6, 1987, Oil and Gas Journal).

Notes

1. SHPA - partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides

UNIT 9

I. Learn to pronounce the following words:

precaution

avoid

finally

unexpectedly

commercial

replacement

intermediate

permit

continuous

particular

insufficient

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II. Read the following international words and give their Russian equivalents:

potential

determination

fluid

III. Translate into Russian paying attention to the word "as";

1. Gas is valued as a chemical raw material just as highly as oil.

2. As matter is the basic working material in our world, we ought to learn as much as possible about it.

3. As the experiment was very interesting many people watched it.

4. As an engineer you must know this technological process.

5. The workers will take part in the conference as well.

6. As to my friend I'm sure that he will take part in this discussion.

7. As we know, science in the Russia occupies a prominent place.

8. As the years went by, the methods of drilling have been greatly improved.

9. Our country becomes richer as more new oil and gas pools are found.