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Task 12.Match the words and phrases with similar meanings.

1. to share something with others A. deep
2. to adopt B. to control
3. views C. to look for
4. entirely D. to change
5. to nurture E. to have something in common with others
6. to alter F. to suggest
7. to propose G. to accept
8. to seek H. fully
9. to monitor I. to raise
10. insightful J. beliefs

Task 13.Replace the words in bold with their opposites from the text.

1.Culture makes men aggressive and submissive. 2.Other-directed personalities have clear-cut ideas of right and wrong. 3. Feminine personality traits are aggressiveness and dominance. 4. The behavior of inner-directed personalities is strongly controlled by their conscience, that’s why they normally break the law. 5. National personality types tend to be more varied in the more culturally heteroogenous societies. 6. Ruth Benedict believed that personality was almost entirely inherited. 7. Our cultural personality patterns are assumed to be deviant.8. People often differ in personality traits with members of our own family.

Task 14. Derive nouns from the following verbs. Check the answers in the dictionary if necessary.

1. to acquire___________; 2. to enculturate___________; 3. to punish________; 4. to socialize___________; 5. to assume_________; 6. to respond__________; 7. to emphasize ________; 8. to expose________; 9. to identify________; 10. to infract_________.

Task 15. A. Study the following patterns:

To be likely to do sth; to be unlikely to sth; to be less likely

E.g. If they are caught in the act or exposed publicly, they are likely to feel shame.

B. Replace the italicized words with to be (less) un/likely to do sth:

1. If they break the law, they will probably turn themselves in for punishment. 2. Individuals with this sort of personality will hardly try new things and to seek new experiences. 3. This criminal will hardly feel guilty afterwards. 4. Most North Americans probably do not feel guilty about exceeding speed limits when they are driving on freeways. 5. Police will hardly need to make sure that they obey the law. 6. This type of personality may occur in eastern communities. 7. People will probably adopt the traditions, rules, manners of another culture if they happen to live in another country. 8. A number of environmental influences may help to shape personality. 9. In China children will hardly be allowed to act somewhat like equals to their parents. 10. If you regularly get bad grades in school, you will probably be labeled by your teachers as someone who is a failure to some degree.

Task 16. Use the prompts below to answer the question: Which things can a person share with:

a) friends;

b) parents

c) spouses;

d) colleagues;

e) people belonging to the same culture;

f) fellow students;

G) brothers and sisters.

Prompts: personal belongings; a room; values; beliefs; ideas; personality traits; workplace; a bathroom; dinner; profits; a cake; a house; a textbook; housework; a secret; news; a desk/table; handouts; responsibility; money; toys; views; enthusiasm; information.

Task 17. Describe the modal personalities below using the pattern:

… personality places/does not place a strong emphasis on …

Use the following prompts: societal norms, conscience, seeking new experiences, ambiguous feelings about right and wrong, doing things the same way, feeling of guilt.

The tradition-oriented personality …

The inner-oriented personality…

The other-directed personality…

Task 18. Agree or disagree with the statements below. Give your reasons. Use the patterns provided.

Personality is entirely learned.

Feminine and masculine personality traits are biologically hard-wired in.

Nature makes men aggressive and domineering.

People in Russia always feel guilty about exceeding speed limits and jumping red lights.

People in all cultures are ethnocentric and cannot think global.

Patterns:

I quite agree with you…

You are absolutely right…

I don’t agree/disagree with you…

I am afraid you wrong…

Task 19. Fill in the verbs from the list below in the appropriate form: to propose; to obey; to expose; to view; to assume; to occur; to acquire; to claim

1. During enculturation people ___1___ a culturally specific personality pattern. 2. Some psychologists ___2__ that there are common national personality types. 3. David Riesman ___3___that there are three common types of modal personality. 4. Our cultural personality patterns ___4___ to be "natural" by us. 5. His silly remark ___5___ his ignorance. 6. His behaviour __6___ as inadequate by his colleagues. 7. Criminals hardly ever feel guilty when they ___7___ from a societal norm. 8. What does the government in your country do to make sure people __8___ the law? 9. Enculturation means that people __9___ their national traditions, rules, and manners. 10. There are many infectious diseases which may __10___ in this region.

Task 20. Fill in the prepositions where necessary.

1. He didn’t feel guilty … breaking the law. 2. … other words, culture makes women submissive and passive … response … men. 3. How many personality patterns occur … the world? 4. The teacher placed a strong emphasis … students’ creative work. 5. People’s behavior is strongly controlled … their conscience. 6. There was little need … the lecture to make sure that all the students were present. 7. He has committed a lot of crimes and he is unlikely to turn himself … … punishment. 8. Teenagers who seek … new experiences, sometimes deviate … societal norms. 9. The researcher has pointed … that individuals may have characteristics … all three of modal types. 10. … instance, some Russians do not feel guilty … jumping the red light.

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