Match the definitions with the following terms

1. metamorphism	a. metamorphic rocks that don’t have foliation, lineation and directional texture
2. contact metamorphism	b. scaly foliation composed of large-grained minerals that you can see without magnifying them
3. aureole	c. locking minerals that don’t align themselves in any particular direction or fashion.
4. regional metamorphism	d. when granite withstands the high heat and pressure of metamorphism
5. foliation	e. hot magma comes into contact with the country rock and the heat from the intruding magma causes the country rock to metamorphose
6. slaty cleavage	f. minerals in an igneous rock, or the particles in a sedimentary rock in certain circumstances (under extreme conditions of pressure or temperature) change and recrystallize
7. schistosity	g. the part of the country rock that metamorphoses as a result of contact with the magma
8. gneissosity	h. the heat and pressure is great enough to cause rocks to change their mineral composition and crystalline textures
9. hornfels	i. a texture caused by the alignment of minerals into parallel bands
10. metamorphic rocks	j. the coarsest foliation characterized by alternating bands of light and dark minerals.
11. gneiss	k. high pressures and temperatures affect huge areas of the Earth’s crust, metamorphosing huge regions of rocks
12. hornfelsic (granular) metamorphic rocks	l. it can easily be split along cleavage planes and the planes often have bumpy parallel ridges

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

5.1 You will hear part of a lecture. For statements 1- 10, complete the notes, which summarize what the speaker says. You will need to write a word or short phrase in each box.

1. The formation of metamorphic rocks depends on parent rock, passing fluids, _____________ and ____________.

2. There are two main agents of change: _______________ and _________.

3. Thermal metamorphism forms _____________________.

4. Higher pressure and heat produce_________________________.

5. Foliation means that minerals are flattened and ________________.

6. Minerals that indicate the rock’s metamorphic grade are called ________.

7. In comparison to sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks are ________________. Clay-rich rocks change more significantly than ________________.

8. Metamorphic rocks are subdivided into types, according to ___________.

9. There are the following types of metamorphic rocks:_________, ______________, ______________, etc.

5.2 You will hear a conversation between a student and a teacher in Geology at Aberdeen University. For statements 1-10, choose the best answer A, B, or C.

1. What are metamorphic rocks?

A. altered igneous and sedimentary rocks

B. changed sedimentary rocks

C. pressed igneous and sedimentary rocks

2. What are the main factors in metamorphism?

A. pressure and climate

B. temperature and pressure

C. heat and agents

3. According to the talk, how many forms of metamorphism exist in nature?

A.4

B.6

C.5

4. Which of the following is the most significant type of metamorphism?

A. regional and impact

B. dynamic and contact

C. contact and regional

5.Where does thermal metamorphism take place?

A. mass of magma intrudes and bakes country rock

B. mass of magma erodes and changes country rock

C. mass of magma extends and bakes country rock

6. What term is used to define «surrounding older rock»?

A. country rock

B. altered rock

C. contact rock

7.What is the definition for the following term «bake»?

A. try under certain conditions

B. harden under certain conditions

C. change under certain conditions

8.Where does regional metamorphism occur?

A. in subducting continental plates

B. in colliding continental plates

C. in eroding mountain ranges

9.Which of the following types of metamorphism covers the largest area?

A. contact

B. regional

C. burial

10.What do you think would be the topic of the next lecture?

A. classification of contact and regional metamorphism

B. conditions of the formation of metamorphic rocks

C. major types of metamorphic rocks

6. DISCUSSION:

TASK 1

Fill in the gaps using the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. The basalt dike (intrude) _________________ the whole complex.

2. The fault (cut)_________________ both the metamorphic and igneous rocks.

3. The granite (intrude)_________________ into the metamorphic complex.

4. The sedimentary rocks E-F-G (deposit) _________________ onto the magmatic and metamorphic complex.

5. Erosion (produce) _________________ the present land surface.

Look at the diagram below and describe it.

(Paul Nixon & Alferdo Bezzi “English for Geologists”)

TASK 2: Discuss the following topic –« the formation of rocks (sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic), examples and the relationship between these three types». Use the graph below and the following communicative formulas. Don’t forget to state the practical value of each type of rock (metals where they are rich in). (R.P – 7.3, 5.5, 6.2)

COMMUNICATIVE FORMULAS

At the initial stage of….	It seems to affect smth.
At the next stage….	It may help to determine….behavior
Furthermore,	In my case…
However,	This idea may be supported by (analysis, data)
Thus,	This diagram (plan, map) shows the dependence of…an….
In addition to…	This means that…
What happens to….?	They fall into…
In its turn…	It’ll direct to…
As far as I know	As is known
As for	I’d like to say a few words about…
It should be noted that…	As a rule
Generally speaking

ROCKS of the EARTH’S CRUST

Sedimentary rocks Igneous rocks Metamorphic rocks

Mechanical Intrusive Rock structure

Chemical Extrusive Water in metamorphism

Organic sediments

TASK 3: Imagine that you are one of the three types of rocks: sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic. Make a detailed description of yourself.

WORDLIST

PRONUNCIATION

andesitic	[͵ændə׳zɪtɪk]
aureole	[׳ɔ:rɪəul]
cataclasis	[͵kætə׳kleɪsɪs]
chemical	[׳kemıkl]
chlorite	[׳klɔ:raıt]
cleavage	[׳kli:vɪdʒ]
conspicuous	[kən׳spıkjuəs]
contort	[kən׳tɔ:t]
counterpart	[׳kauntəpɑ:t]
dioxide	[daı׳ɔksaɪd]
elongated	[׳i:lɔŋgeɪtɪd]
excess	[ık׳səs]
fabric	[׳fæbrɪk]
gneiss	[naıs]
gneissosity	[naı׳sɔsɪtɪ]
granite	[׳grænıt]
grinding	[׳graɪndɪŋ]
hornfels	[׳hɔ:nfelz]
lineation	[͵lını׳eı∫(ə)n]
marble	[׳mɑ:bl]
mechanical	[mı׳kænık(ə)l]
mechanism	[׳mekənız(ə)m]
medium-grade	[׳mi:dıəm greıd]
merge	[mə:dʒ]
metamorphism	[͵metə׳mɔ:fɪzm]
mica	[׳maɪkə]
milieu	[׳mıljə:]
oceanic	[͵əu∫ı׳ænık]
orthoclase	[׳ɔ:θəkleɪs]
parameter	[pə׳ræmıtə]
peer	[pıə]
phenomenon	[fı׳nɔmınən]
phyllite	[׳fılaıt]
quartz	[kwɔ:ts]
readjustment	[͵ri:ə׳dʒʌstmənt]
realign	[͵ri:ə׳laın]
schistose	[׳∫ɪstəus]

TERMS

aureole	ореол
band	слой, прослоек
bulk composition	валовой химический состав
cataclasis	катаклаз
cleave	раскалывать(ся)
constituent	составная часть, компонент
dislocation	нарушение, дислокация
distribute	распределять, раздавать
disturb	нарушать, смещать
excess	излишек
flaky	чешуйчатый; расслоенный
foliated	листоватый, сланцеватый
gneissosity	гнейсовая текстура
low-grade	низкая ступень (метаморфизма)
medium-grade	средняя ступень (метаморфизма)
high-grade	высокая ступень(метаморфизма)
plate	пластина
schistose	сланцеватый
sheet	пластина, лист
split into	раскалываться на

WORDS AND PHRASES

apparent	видимый
assemblage	скопление, сосредоточение
bumpy	бугристый
chunk	глыба
conspicuous	видный, заметный
ductile	пластичный, гибкий
emplaced	помещенный
enormous	громадный, огромный
fabric	строение, структура, текстура
flattened	плоский, сплющенный
foliation	сланцеватость, листоватость
intermediate	средний, промежуточный
large-scale	крупномасштабный, широкий
lineation	линейность
milieu	атмосфера, обстановка, среда
platy	плитчатый, пластинчатый
readjustment	приспособление, преобразование
ridge	горный хребет, водораздел
rod-like	стержнеобразный
scaly	чешуйчатый
slab	плита, пластина
slaty	сланцеватый, характерный для сланца
streaked	с прожилками
to align	выравнивать
to contort	скручивать, деформировать
to crumple	комкать, мять, сгибать
to crunch	раздавливать с хрустом
to exhibit	показывать, проявлять
to grind	дробить, шлифовать
to heat up	нагревать, разогревать
to magnify	увеличивать
to merge	погружаться
to segregate	отделять, изолировать
to speed up	увеличивать скорость, ускорять
to stress	оказывать давление
to transform	видоизменять, преобразовывать
to undergo	испытывать, подвергать
to withstand	выдерживать, противостоять
tremendous	огромный, гигантский
typified	типизированный
wavy	волнистый

UNIT 8

THE RESTLESS CRUST

PART 1: OCEANIC CRUST

COMPREHENSION

Vocabulary

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