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X. Read the text again and put down key words which can be used to speak about history of the cadastre.

XI. Make up a summary of the text using expressions on page 23.

 

Unit 3

Napoleonic Cadastre

I. Study the vocabulary:

 

1. backbone основа
2. specification спецификация
3. location, planning, description and valuation of the parcel местоположение, планирование, описание и оценка участка земли
4. mapping картография
5. countrywide system общенациональная система
6. uniform system единая система
7. public utilization общественное использование
8. records and maps записи и карты
9. geometry of latitudes, longitudes and coordinates геометрия широты, долготы и координат
10. taxation налогообложение
11.community сообщество
12. сode кодекс
13. land possession владение землей
14. to prevent litigation предотвратить тяжбу
15. expansion of the French Empire расширение Французской Империи
16. France’s administration французские власти
17. territorial economy территориальная экономика
18. private land ownership частная собственность на землю
19. to govern the territory управлять территорией
20. social changes социальные изменения
21. in the light of information technology в свете информационной технологии
22. public administration государственное управление
23. edict указ
24. cadastre program программа кадастра

 

II. Warming up:

1. What are the main principles of Napoleonic Cadastre System?

2. What did Napoleon say about taxation?

3. What do you know about Napoleonic Cadastre?

 

III. How would you entitle the text? Skim the text and choose the most appropriate title given below that in your opinion corresponds to the contents of the text.

1. The Napoleonic cadastral system

2. The backbone of the total cadastral system

3. Principles of cadastre

4. The cadastral system

5. The Napoleonic cadastral system

 

IV. Read the text to answer the following questions:

1. What are the most distinctive characteristics of the Napoleonic cadastral system?

2. What do you know about Napoleon?

3. What can you say about the record?

 

Text

1. Among the famous cadastral efforts, the system developed by Napoleon in 1807 deserves attention. The principles forming the backbone of his cadastral system were articulated in 1811 by 1444 articles describing the specifications outlining the location, planning, description and valuation of the parcels. Some of the most distinctive characteristics are:

1. Introduction of the land parcel as the basic unit on which the cadastral system was built up.

2. Precise and uniform surveying, mapping and valuation of properties in a countrywide system constituted the operational principle of the cadastre of Napoleon. In the accompanying registers, the size, nature, value, the name of the owners of properties, etc., were recorded.

2.1. The whole empire was to be covered by this uniform system.

2.2. Public utilization of survey records and maps.

2.3. The cadastral system must be kept up-to-date.

2.4. The location and description of the individual plats were to be related to the geometry of latitudes, longitudes, and coordinates.

2. Napoleon understood that there were more purposes of survey work than just taxation. He declared:

“Half-measures always result in loss of time and money. The only way to sort out the confusion in the field of general land records is to proceed with the surveying and evaluation of each individual land parcel in all the communities of the Empire. A good cadastre will constitute a complement of my Code as far as land possession is concerned. The map must be sufficiently precise and complete so that they could determine the boundaries between individual properties and prevent litigations.”

3. The Napoleonic cadastre did not just develop from the whim of the Emperor but rather evolved due to the expansion of the French Empire. As it expanded, France’s administration became increasingly evolved in the cadastre. This extension of the government’s role is based on three assumptions:

1. Intrinsic to the territorial economy was private land ownership.

2. The cost of governing the territory was to be generated mostly from taxation of the privately owned parcels.

3. A record system, uniformly organized, would be necessary in order to provide protection for rights by the owner as well as collecting taxes on the parcel.

4. A key to the cadastral effort was the record system, which was designed to meet several purposes. Three of the more important are:

1. The record would consist of a complete history of all the transactions that occurred within the parcel.

2. The record was expandable and capable of including other types of informational needs that became obvious through government and private industry operation.

3. The record formed a basic management information system in that the government’s managers could generate summaries of selected jurisdictions. Not only did the cadastre emerge because of the expansion afford, it also reflected the societal changes, both in structure and character, that were happening at this time. This effort by Napoleon is very significant in the light of information technology and public administration.

“First, the edict and the cadastre program it generated were seen as a potential method for dealing with a growing set of societal problems. Second, it reflected a politically directed administrative solution, i.e., a governmental policy reflecting political acceptance of a responsibility for a function of an administrative vehicle for its discharge. Third, it reflected a confluence of technological and social developments, which were inherently symbiotic.”

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