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IX. Read the text below and find the best title for it.

Trees and plants have a great impact on our air quality. Trees act like fil­ters. The leaves capture particulates like dust, soot, and pollen and remove them from the air. They also remove and store carbon and reduce our need for energy.

Trees act like a carbon warehouse. In the process of photosynthesis, plants remove carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen. A healthy tree uses over 20 lbs (скорочення від «фунт») of carbon dioxide each year. The carbon is stored in the tree (wood is about 45 percent carbon) and the oxygen is released back into the atmosphere.

Trees are outdoor air conditioners. They provide a natural way to shade and cool your house in summer and can shield your home from the cold winds of winter. A person can save energy by landscaping with trees. Deciduous trees (листяні дерева) planted on the south, west, and east will protect your home from the direct rays of the sun in summer. In winter, without their leaves, they allow most of the sun's energy to reach the house. Coniferous trees (хвойні дерева) to the north and west can block cold winter winds. This reduces consumption of energy to heat your home.

A successful urban tree program can also impact whole communities. Cit­ies are often 10 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than suburbs, partially due to the heat island effect cause by concrete, steel, and asphalt. The planting and care of trees can minimize this phenomenon and greatly reduce energy consumption.

 

X. Do you know that:

· Today, there are only three great forests left on Earth: the Amazon Forest of Brazil, and the boreal forests in Russia and Canada.

· Forests contain between 50-90% of terrestrial (суходільний; наземний) species. Tropical forests alone are thought to contain between 10-50 million species – over 50% of species on the planet.

· Rainforests (тропічні ліси) cover two percent of the Earth's surface and six percent of its land mass. Yet they are home to over half of the world's plant and animal species. Originally, rainforest covered twice the area they do today.

· There are approximately 1.6 acres of forests per person living on the planet.

· All of Earth's oxygen is produced by photosynthesis, the process plants use to combine water and carbon dioxide to create glucose (their own food) and oxygen.

· The first dinosaurs on Earth appeared only about 140 million years af­ter trees first appeared – about 230 million years ago.

· Just three trees planted around the average size home can lower air-conditioning bills by up to 50%, and trees that shield homes against the wind can lower heating bills by up to 30%).

· Trees produce natural anti-freeze chemicals which can keep them from freezing in temperatures up to 40 degrees Fahrenheit in some species.

· Technically, deforestation only occurs when land once covered with trees is totally converted to other use and is not replanted.

· An average tree absorbs ten pounds of pollutants from the air each year, including four pounds of ozone and three pounds of particulates.

XI. Read the following statement, translate it, do the tasks below:

"Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people." Franklin Delano Roosevelt (32nd President of the United States). Do you agree with the statement above? Give your own reasons why trees are so important in our ecosystem and our life.

UNIT 6. WORLD ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS

PRE–TEXT EXERCISES

I. Memorize the pronunciation of the following words:

1. Lawmaker – законодавець

2. To persuade – переконувати

3. Whaling – китобійний промисел

4. Nuclear – атомний, ядерний

5. Force – сила, примус

6. To threaten – загрожувати

7. Hazardous – небезпечний

8. Australia – Австралія

9. Austria – Австрія

10. France – Франція

11. Zealand – Зеландія

12. Sweden – Швеція

 

II. Translate the following international words:

organization, to control, political, group, effect, system, international, resource, method, to protest, party.

III. Words to remember:

1. to influence lawmakers – впливати на законодавців

2. to elect leaders – обирати керівників

3. to care about the environment – піклуватися про навколишнє середовище

4. to protect land from development – захищати землю від обробки

5. pollution prevention system – система запобігання забрудненню

6. government policy – політика уряду

7. to call attention to smth – привертати увагу до чогось

8. offshore oil drilling – видобування нафти у морі

9. nuclear weapons testing – випробування ядерної зброї

10. the dumping of wastes – скидання відходів

11. nonviolent methods – ненасильницькі методи

12. to represent environmental concerns – представляти інтереси з охорони навколишнього середовища

13. to use findings – використовувати отримані дані

14. to raise money – брати у борг, отримувати позики на щось

 

WORLD ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS

Environmental organizations work to help control pollution by trying to influence lawmakers and to elect political leaders who care about the environment. Some groups raise money to buy land and protect it from development. Other groups study the effects of pollution on the environment and develop pollution prevention and management systems. Such groups use their findings to persuade government and industry to prevent or reduce pollution. Environmental organizations also publish magazines and other materials to persuade people to prevent pollution.

Green Peace is an international environmental organization. It works to change government and industrial policies that threaten the world's environment or natural resources. Green peace calls attention to the dangers to the environment of such actions as whaling, air and water pollution, offshore oil drilling, nuclear weapons testing, and the dumping of radioactive and hazardous wastes. Local chapters of Green peace have been established in major cities throughout the world. Members of Green peace use direct and nonviolent methods of protest. Without using force, they try to stop the activity.

An environmental movement led by a group called Green World has worked to protect the environment and public health in Ukraine. Many Ukrainians oppose the use оf nuclear energy because of an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in north-central Ukraine in 1986.

Political parties representing environmental concerns have formed in many industrial nations. These organizations, often known as Green parties, have had a growing influence on environmental policies. Countries with Green parties include Australia, Austria, Germany, Finland, France, New Zealand, Spain, and Sweden.

 

TEXT–BASED ASSIGNMENTS

І. Read these words and say what part of speech they are formed of; translate them:

environmental, lawmaker, development, to threaten, testing, dumping, nonviolent, political, industrial.

II. From the nouns from the following verbs with the help of suffix – ing and translate them:

to control, to pollute, to farm, to hunt, to mine, to limit, to thin, to dump, to warm, to heat.

 

III. Find out synonyms:

1. pollution a) garbage

2. wastes b) catastrophe

3. chapters c) to establish

4. to form d) contamination

5. accident e) departments

 

IV. Find out antonyms:

1. to help a) to increase

2. to reduce b) to draw attention

3. to call attention c) safe

4. hazardous d) to do harm

V. Translate into Ukrainian:

environmental organizations, to control pollution, to protect the land from development, to change industrial policies, to publish magazines, to persuade people, to call attention to the dangers to the environment, air pollution, water pollution, nuclear weapons testing, the dumping of radioactive wastes, nonviolent methods of protest, to use force, to stop the activity, to oppose the use of nuclear energy, nuclear power plant, environmental concerns, to have a growing influence.

VI. Translate into English:

контролювати забруднення, обирати політичних лідерів, вивчати наслідки забруднення, переконувати уряд, друкувати журнали, загрожувати навколишньому середовищу, забруднення повітря, ядерні випробування, використовувати ненасильницькі методи протесту, не використовуючи силу, припинити діяльність, здоров’я населення, атомна електростанція, нещасний випадок, партія "зелених", зростаючий вплив.

 

VII. Complete the following sentences:

1. Environmental organizations work to help control ….

2. Some groups raise money to ….

3. Such groups use their findings to persuade government and industry to….

4. Green Peace is an international environmental organization. It works….

5. Green peace calls attention to ….

6. An environmental movement led by a group called Green World has worked to …..

7. Many Ukrainians oppose the use оf nuclear energy because ….

8. Countries with Green parties include ….

 

VIII. Correct the statements if necessary using the phrases of agreement or disagreement:

1. Controlling pollution depends on the efforts of governments, scientists, business and industry, agriculture, environmental organizations, and individuals.

2. Governments' strategy to help control pollution is to encourage companies for polluting.

3. Governments may also place taxes on products that are eco-friendly.

4. Governments also create national parks for recreation.

5. Parks help save endangered animals and plants, and they provide natural laboratories for scientists seeking to understand relationships of animals and plants to their environment.

6. Many types of environmental pollution have been easy to control because no single person or nation owns the earth's global resources – that is its money and power.

7. Since the 1970's representatives of many nations have met to discuss ways of limiting the pollution that affects air and water.

8. The UN members have never signed agreements on the prevention of global warming, the preservation of forests and endangered species.

9. Many industrial researchers are finding less economical ways to use fuels and other raw materials.

10. New automobile engines burn gasoline much more cleanly and efficiently than older engines.

 

IX. Answer the following questions:

1. How do ecological organization work to help control pollution?

2. What for do some groups raise money?

3. What are the ways and methods environmental organizations use to prevent or reduce pollution?

4. What is Green Peace?

5. What does Green Peace call our attention to?

6. What methods of protest does Green Peace use?

7. What are the aims of Green World?

8. Why do many Ukrainians oppose the use of nuclear energy?

9. What countries have Green parties?

 

X. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Організації із захисту навколишнього середовища допомагають контролювати забруднення, намагаючись вплинути на законодавців та обирати на виборах таких політичних лідерів, яким не байдужі екологічні проблеми.

2. Деякі екологічні групи досліджують вплив забруднення на навколишнє середовище, збирають гроші, засновують фонди з метою переконати уряд та промисловців запобігти забрудненню або зменшити його.

3. «Грінпіс» (Зелений Світ) – це міжнародна екологічна організація.

4. Вони намагаються змінити урядову та промислову політику, яка загрожує світовому довкіллю або природним ресурсам.

5. «Грінпіс» привертає увагу до небезпек для оточуючого середовища таких процесів, як кітобійний промисел, забруднення води і повітря, видобування нафти у морі, ядерні випробування, довільне скидання радіоактивних або небезпечних відходів.

6. Багато українців висловлюються проти використання атомної енергії через аварію на Чорнобильській атомній станції.

7. «Зелені» партії мають значний вплив на політику охорони навколишнього середовища.

 

XI. Read the dialogues and reproduce them in pairs:

A.

– What do you do about rubbish?

– I usually put it in my bin and wait till the car drives.

– Then why is there a big heap of waste near your house? I am sure all the neighbours do the same way.

– You see sometimes people don't want to wait for a car, and the car often doesn't arrive at all.

– Here is the result.

B.

– Do you live in an industrial district?

– Yes, I do. There are many plants in my district.

– Is anything done to stop the pollution of the air and the water?

– Some steps have been done. You know several dangerous shops don't work.

– I see.

 

C.

– Do you know any examples of ecologically safe technology?

– Of course, I do. Cars and power stations can work on the sun batteries. But what about wastes?

– The Baikal timber plant has proved that a factory can return its "waste" water to the lake quite pure, if it uses modern flittering technology.

– As for me, I can't believe that crystal clear water is used in this way.

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